{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T06:59:01Z","timestamp":1777013941672,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIMPOR SGPS","award":["CIMPOR\/ADIST 006\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIMPOR\/ADIST 006\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the production of one ton of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) releases considerable amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. As the need and demand for this material grows exponentially, it has become a challenge to increase its production at a time when climate-related problems represent a major global concern. The two main CO2 contributors in this process are fossil fuel combustion to heat the rotary kiln and the chemical reaction associated with the calcination process, in the production of the clinker, the main component of OPC. The current paper presents a critical review of the existent alternative clinker technologies (ACTs) that are under an investigation trial phase or under restricted use for niche applications and that lead to reduced emissions of CO2. Also, the possibility of transition of clinker production from traditional rotary kilns based on fuel combustion processes to electrification is discussed, since this may lead to the partial or even complete elimination of the CO2 combustion-related emissions, arising from the heating of the clinker kiln.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T02:31:27Z","timestamp":1640745087000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Alternative Clinker Technologies for Reducing Carbon Emissions in Cement Industry: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Lino","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMPOR Portugal Holdings, SGPS S.A., Avenida Jos\u00e9 Malhoa, 22, 1099-020 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMPOR Portugal Holdings, SGPS S.A., Avenida Jos\u00e9 Malhoa, 22, 1099-020 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMPOR Portugal Holdings, SGPS S.A., Avenida Jos\u00e9 Malhoa, 22, 1099-020 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Bay\u00e3o","family":"Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDMEC, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hewlett, P.C. (2003). Lea\u2019s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Butterworth Heinemann. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, December 14). Cembureau the European Cement Association. 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