{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:46:18Z","timestamp":1760150778085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/29101\/2017","UIDB\/EMS\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTM-CTM\/29101\/2017","UIDB\/EMS\/00285\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research work was to optimize the coating of tungsten wires with reactive multilayer thin films and promote an exothermic self-propagating reaction. The ultimate goal is to use this heat to liquify low melting temperature materials, and thus block crack propagation in metallic materials. Ni\/Me (Me = Al, Ti) multilayers were deposited by a DC (direct current) magnetron sputtering onto tungsten wires with diameters of 0.05 and 0.20 mm. The depositions were carried out to obtain films with near equiatomic average chemical composition and a modulation period (bilayer thickness) between 20 and 50 nm. The cross-section of the films was analyzed using electron microscopy before and after electrical ignition. A new substrate holder was developed to improve the quality of the Al\/Ni films, allowing a reduction in the defects previously observed. The Ni\/Ti thin films showed no discernible defects, regardless of the substrate holder. However, after ignition, the Ni + Ti reaction occurred in a non-self-propagating mode. Passing an electric current through a wire (\u03d5 = 0.05 mm) coated with an Al\/Ni thin film, promoted a flash of light that was associated with the start of a self-propagating reaction. The reaction product was a B2-AlNi intermetallic phase. W wires coated with reactive multilayers may contribute to crack filling, and have potential to be self-healing actuators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15030869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T20:40:18Z","timestamp":1643143218000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Actuators for Repairing Cracks by Coating W Wires with Reactive Multilayers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Santos Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polo II, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8287-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poland Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Morgiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poland Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9981-3826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polo II, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polo II, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2008.09.001","article-title":"Metal-Based Reactive Nanomaterials","volume":"35","author":"Dreizin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Barmak, K., and Coffey, K. (2014). Fabrication and Characterization of Reactive Multilayer Foils and Films. Metallic Films for Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Applications\u2014Structure, Processing and Properties, Woodhead Publishing Limited. 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