{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:18:54Z","timestamp":1768403934806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BI\/UI50\/9051\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BI\/UI50\/9051\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The alkaline electrolytic production of iron is gaining interest due to the absence of CO2 emissions and significantly lower electrical energy consumption when compared with traditional steelmaking. The possibility of using an iron-bearing pseudobrookite mineral, Fe2TiO5, is explored for the first time as an alternative feedstock for the electrochemical reduction process. To assess relevant impacts of the presence of titanium, similar electroreduction processes were also performed for Fe2TiO5\u00b7Fe2O3 and Fe2O3. The electroreduction was attempted using dense and porous ceramic cathodes. Potentiostatic studies at the cathodic potentials of \u22121.15\u2013\u22121.30 V vs. an Hg|HgO|NaOH reference electrode and a galvanostatic approach at 1 A\/cm2 were used together with electroreduction from ceramic suspensions, obtained by grinding the porous ceramics. The complete electroreduction to Fe0 was only possible at high cathodic polarizations (\u22121.30 V), compromising the current efficiencies of the electrochemical process due to the hydrogen evolution reaction impact. Microstructural evolution and phase composition studies are discussed, providing trends on the role of titanium and corresponding electrochemical mechanisms. Although the obtained results suggest that pseudobrookite is not a feasible material to be used alone as feedstock for the electrolytic iron production, it can be considered with other iron oxide materials and\/or ores to promote electroreduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"1440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prospects of Using Pseudobrookite as an Iron-Bearing Mineral for the Alkaline Electrolytic Production of Iron"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela V.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aleksey D.","family":"Lisenkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6339-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds C. M.","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Environment and Planning & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksey A.","family":"Yaremchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge R.","family":"Frade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei V.","family":"Kovalevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.30544\/414","article-title":"Modern blast furnace ironmaking technology: Potentials to meet the demand of high hot metal production and lower energy consumption","volume":"25","author":"Mousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metall. 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