{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:31:51Z","timestamp":1778221911464,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007434","name":"Agencia de Inovacao","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01-02B7-FEDER-048968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-02B7-FEDER-048968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research4COVID-19 special fund (Project 011_595803006)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research4COVID-19 special fund (Project 011_595803006)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PLASMAMED project (ref. PTDC\/CTM-TEX\/28295\/2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLASMAMED project (ref. PTDC\/CTM-TEX\/28295\/2017)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/00264\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/00264\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been gaining popularity over the last decades. LEDs have advantages compared to traditional light sources in terms of lifecycle, robustness, compactness, flexibility, and the absence of non-hazardous material. Combining these advantages with the possibility of emitting Ultraviolet C (UVC) makes LEDs serious candidates for light sources in decontamination systems. Nevertheless, it is unclear if they present better decontamination effectiveness than traditional mercury vapor lamps. Hence, this research uses a systematic literature review (SLR) to enlighten three aspects: (1) UVC LEDs\u2019 application according to the field, (2) UVC LEDs\u2019 application in terms of different biological indicators, and (3) the decontamination effectiveness of UVC LEDs in comparison to conventional lamps. UVC LEDs have spread across multiple areas, ranging from health applications to wastewater or food decontamination. The UVC LEDs\u2019 decontamination effectiveness is as good as mercury vapor lamps. In some cases, LEDs even provide better results than conventional mercury vapor lamps. However, the increase in the targets\u2019 complexity (e.g., multilayers or thicker individual layers) may reduce the UVC decontamination efficacy. Therefore, UVC LEDs still require considerable optimization. These findings are stimulating for developing industrial or final users\u2019 applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15082854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T21:33:42Z","timestamp":1649885622000},"page":"2854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A Comprehensive Analysis of the UVC LEDs\u2019 Applications and Decontamination Capability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5451-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talita","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T\u2014Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00fabio","family":"Gomes Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5630-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T\u2014Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2C2T\u2014Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02092-15","article-title":"Using UVC light-emitting diodes at wavelengths of 266 to 279 nanometers to inactivate foodborne pathogens and pasteurize sliced cheese","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.10.014","article-title":"Effects of single and combined UV-LEDs on inactivation and subsequent reactivation of E. coli in water disinfection","volume":"147","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.017","article-title":"Irradiation by ultraviolet light-emitting diodes inactivates influenza a viruses by inhibiting replication and transcription of viral RNA in host cells","volume":"189","author":"Mawatari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.43.7.1944","article-title":"An Introduction to Light-emitting Diodes","volume":"43","author":"Bourget","year":"2008","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.041","article-title":"Microorganisms inactivation by wavelength combinations of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs)","volume":"665","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01340-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01340-18","article-title":"Elevated Inactivation Efficacy of a Pulsed UVC Light-Emitting Diode System for Foodborne Pathogens on Selective Media and Food Surfaces","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00944-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00944-18","article-title":"UVC LED Irradiation Effectively Inactivates Aerosolized Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in a Chamber-Type Air Disinfection System","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008452","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008452","article-title":"Sec-Eliminating the SARS-CoV-2 by AlGaN Based High Power Deep Ultraviolet Light Source","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2022, January 15). United Nations, Minamata Convention on Mercury. Available online: https:\/\/www.mercuryconvention.org."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.3390\/w7094605","article-title":"Improved Drinking Water Disinfection with UVC-LEDs for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Utilizing Quartz Tubes as Light Guide","volume":"7","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miralles-Cuevas, S., De la Obra, I., Gualda-Alonso, E., Soriano-Molina, P., L\u00f3pez, J.C., and P\u00e9rez, J.S. (2021). Simultaneous Disinfection and Organic Microcontaminant Removal by UVC-LED-Driven Advanced Oxidation Processes. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13111507"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, T.-C., Teng, Y.-T., Yeh, Y.-W., Fan, X., Chu, K.-H., Lin, S.-H., Yeh, K.-K., Lee, P.-T., Lin, Y., and Chen, Z. (2021). Perspectives on UVC LED: Its Progress and Application. Photonics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics8060196"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aba64c","article-title":"The 2020 UV emitter roadmap","volume":"53","author":"Amano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2013.829858","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of LED bulb development on the economic viability of ultraviolet technology for disinfection","volume":"35","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2007). Space Environment (Natural and Artificial)\u2014Process for Determining Solar Irradiances (Standard No. ISO21348:2007)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolau, T., Filho, N., and Zille, A. (2021). Ultraviolet-C as a Viable Reprocessing Method for Disposable Masks and Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050801"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02471.x","article-title":"Efficacy and safety assessment of a novel ultraviolet C device for treating corneal bacterial infections","volume":"39","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.04.009","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of 266 to 279 nm wavelength UVC-LEDs for inactivation of Gram positive and Gram negative foodborne pathogenic bacteria and yeasts","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.11.042","article-title":"Inactivation modeling of human enteric virus surrogates, MS2, Q\u03b2, and \u03a6X174, in water using UVC-LEDs, a novel disinfecting system","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1021\/ja900436t","article-title":"Thymine Dimerization in DNA Model Systems: Cyclobutane Photolesion Is Predominantly Formed via the Singlet Channel","volume":"131","author":"Schreier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00887.x","article-title":"Potential In Vivo UVC Disinfection of Catheter Lumens: Estimation of the Doses Received by the Blood Flow Outside the Catheter Tip Hole","volume":"87","author":"Bak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.06.019","article-title":"A new UV-LED device for automatic disinfection of stethoscope membranes","volume":"43","author":"Messina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4107","article-title":"Evaluation of Low-Dose Ultraviolet Light C for Reduction of Select ESKAPE Pathogens in a Canine Skin and Muscle Model","volume":"34","author":"Dujowich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inagaki, H., Saito, A., Kaneko, C., Sugiyama, H., Okabayashi, T., and Fujimoto, S. (2021). Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Continuous and Intermittent Irradiation with a Deep-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode (DUV-LED) Device. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.10.443422"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56017-5_2","article-title":"Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"Volume 996","author":"Cockrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultraviolet Light in Human Health, Diseases and Environment"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.021","article-title":"Impact of UVA pre-radiation on UVC disinfection performance: Inactivation, repair and mechanism study","volume":"141","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhakar, H. (2017). Sterilization and disinfection. Essentials of Neuroanesthesia, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315154367"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, G., Fattorini, M., Nante, N., Rosadini, D., Serafini, A., Tani, M., and Cevenini, G. (2016). Time Effectiveness of Ultraviolet C Light (UVC) Emitted by Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in Reducing Stethoscope Contamination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13100940"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2010.520314","article-title":"UVC fluencies for preventative treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contaminated polymer tubes","volume":"26","author":"Bak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010903191353","article-title":"Disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm contaminated tube lumens with ultraviolet C light emitting diodes","volume":"26","author":"Bak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bormann, M., Alt, M., Schipper, L., van de Sand, L., Otte, M., Meister, T., Dittmer, U., Witzke, O., Steinmann, E., and Krawczyk, A. (2021). Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 Contaminated Surfaces of Personal Items with UVC-LED Disinfection Boxes. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.03.433725"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090601","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ac1985","article-title":"Verification of inactivation effect of deep-ultraviolet LEDs on bacteria and viruses, and consideration of effective irradiation methods","volume":"60","author":"Muramoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, G., Della Camera, A., Ferraro, P., Amodeo, D., Corazza, A., Nante, N., and Cevenini, G. (2021). An Emerging Innovative UV Disinfection Technology (Part II): Virucide Activity on SARS-CoV-2. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18083873"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.72.1174","article-title":"Application of 265-nm UVC LED Lighting to Sterilization of Typical Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2685-4","article-title":"Effects of UVB and UVC irradiation on cariogenic bacteria in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Uchinuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-021-02360-8","article-title":"Bacterial disinfection and cell assessment post ultraviolet-C LED exposure for wound treatment","volume":"59","author":"Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94070-2","article-title":"Skin tolerant inactivation of multiresistant pathogens using far-UVC LEDs","volume":"11","author":"Glaab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105260","article-title":"Application of UV-LEDs for antibiotic resistance genes inactivation\u2014Efficiency monitoring with qPCR and transformation","volume":"9","author":"Umar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-013-1287-4","article-title":"An investigation into the inhibitory effect of ultraviolet radiation on Trichophyton rubrum","volume":"29","author":"Cronin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.06.036","article-title":"Ultraviolet C as a method of disinfecting medical silicone used in facial prostheses: An in vitro study","volume":"126","author":"Malateaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"47","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of ultraviolet irradiation on varroa mite","volume":"1","author":"Romanchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"East.-Eur. J. Enterp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115928","article-title":"A comparison of photolytic, photochemical and photocatalytic processes for disinfection of recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) streams","volume":"181","author":"Homola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12752","article-title":"A new UVC-LED system for disinfection of pathogens generated by toilet flushing","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122715","article-title":"A novel upper-room UVC-LED irradiation system for disinfection of indoor bioaerosols under different operating and airflow conditions","volume":"396","author":"Nunayon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2021.100","article-title":"A Study on the Effect of Integrated Ozone and UVC-LED Approaches on the Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium Bacteria in Droplets","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12619","article-title":"Comparison of disinfection performance of UVC-LED and conventional upper-room UVGI systems","volume":"30","author":"Nunayon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111865","article-title":"Multiwell plates for obtaining a rapid microbial dose-response curve in UV-LED systems","volume":"207","author":"Betzalel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114875","article-title":"Mechanisms investigation on bacterial inactivation through combinations of UV wavelengths","volume":"163","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.03.080","article-title":"Comparison of the performance of pulsed and continuous UVC-LED irradiation in the inactivation of bacteria","volume":"157","author":"Nyangaresi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.12.021","article-title":"Inactivation of biofilm-bound Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria using UVC light emitting diodes (UVC LEDs)","volume":"151","author":"Gora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108458","article-title":"Application of the 222 nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and 280 nm UVC light-emitting diode for the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium in water with various turbidities","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-020-04742-4","article-title":"UV-LED for Safe Effluent Reuse in Agriculture","volume":"231","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.26625","article-title":"Disinfection of biologically treated sewage using AlGaN-based ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes in a novel reactor system","volume":"212","author":"Sowndarya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117593","article-title":"The impact of bacterial cell aggregation on UV inactivation kinetics","volume":"204","author":"Vitzilaiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2020.059","article-title":"Design and evaluation of zero-energy UVC-LED reactor fitted with hand pump system for disinfection","volume":"70","author":"Sundar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Supply Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112277","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes: Optimization of efficacy toward foodborne pathogens in water","volume":"222","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719578","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.719578","article-title":"Disinfection Performance of a Drinking Water Bottle System With a UV Subtype C LED Cap Against Waterborne Pathogens and Heterotrophic Contaminants","volume":"12","author":"Mariita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2021.108646","article-title":"Biologically treated industrial wastewater disinfection using synergy of US, LED-UVS, and oxidants","volume":"169","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-036","article-title":"Inactivation of Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in Ice Using a UVC Light-Emitting Diode","volume":"80","author":"Murashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121968","article-title":"Efficacy of UVC-LED in water disinfection on Bacillus species with consideration of antibiotic resistance issue","volume":"386","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109715","article-title":"Combined treatment with a 222-nm krypton-chlorine excilamp and a 280-nm LED-UVC for inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"131","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109422","article-title":"Inactivation efficacy of a sixteen UVC LED module to control foodborne pathogens on selective media and sliced deli meat and spinach surfaces","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107738","article-title":"Sequential treatment with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and UVC light-emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs) for decontamination of Salmonella typhimurium on lettuce","volume":"123","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-00816-x","article-title":"Effects of UVC light-emitting diodes on inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and quality attributes of fresh-cut white pitaya","volume":"15","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, G.-H., Lee, C.-L., and Yoon, K.-S. (2021). Combined Hurdle Technologies Using UVC Waterproof LED for Inactivating Foodborne Pathogens on Fresh-Cut Fruits. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081712"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-L., Kim, G.-H., and Yoon, K.-S. (2021). Effects of Combined Aerosolization with Ultraviolet C Light-Emitting Diode on Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Attached to Soft Fresh Produce. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081834"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyhan, L., Przyjalgowski, M., Lewis, L., Begley, M., and Callanan, M. (2021). Investigating the Use of Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV-LEDs) for the Inactivation of Bacteria in Powdered Food Ingredients. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040797"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110553","article-title":"Effects of UVC light-emitting diodes on microbial safety and quality attributes of raw tuna fillets","volume":"139","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.107999","article-title":"Inactivation of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by single and dual wavelength UV-LEDs: Synergistic effect and pulsed operation","volume":"125","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivellin, N., Buffolo, M., Onelia, F., Pizzolato, A., Barbato, M., Orlandi, V., Del Vecchio, C., Dughiero, F., Zanoni, E., and Meneghesso, G. (2021). Inactivating SARS-CoV-2 Using 275 nm UV-C LEDs through a Spherical Irradiation Box: Design, Characterization and Validation. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202102.0588.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14791","article-title":"Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus atrophaeus spores on different surfaces with ultraviolet light produced with a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp or light emitting diodes","volume":"131","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106869","article-title":"Effect of surface characteristics on the bactericidal efficacy of UVC LEDs","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2018.10.001","article-title":"Protective mechanisms and responses of micro-fungi towards ultraviolet-induced cellular damage","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polar Sci."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/8\/2854\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:53:21Z","timestamp":1760136801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/8\/2854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15082854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15082854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]}}}