{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:38:29Z","timestamp":1772217509329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403563\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403563\/2021-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/2551-0000723-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/2551-0000723-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["403563\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403563\/2021-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/2551-0000723-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/2551-0000723-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3D printing (3DP) of cementitious materials shows several advantages compared to conventional construction methods, but it requires specific fresh-state properties. Nanomaterials have been used in cement-based materials to achieve specific fresh and hardened properties, being potential candidates for 3DP applications. However, there are no reports on using TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) in 3DP cementitious composites. Thus, the current work aims to assess the effect of nano-TiO2 on the fresh performance of 3DP cementitious materials. For this purpose, nano-TiO2 was incorporated in pastes and mortars from 0 to 1.5 wt.%. Time-resolved hydration (in situ XRD) and rheological and printing-related properties (buildability and printability) were evaluated. Results showed that nano-TiO2 particles enhanced the cement hydration kinetics, leading to further ettringite formation up to 140 min compared to plain cement paste. Rheological measurements showed that the nano-TiO2 incorporation progressively increased the static and dynamic stress, viscosity, and structuration rate of pastes. Furthermore, nano-TiO2 improved the buildability of the composites, progressively increasing the maximum number of successive layers printed before failure from 11 (0 wt.% TiO2) to 64 (1.5 wt.% TiO2). By contrast, the nano-TiO2 addition reduced the printability (i.e., the printable period during which the sample was able to be molded by the 3D-printing process) from 140 min (0% TiO2) to 90 min (1.5% TiO2). Thus, incorporating \u201chigh\u201d nano-TiO2 contents (e.g., &gt;1 wt.%) was beneficial for buildability but would require a quicker 3DP process. The adoption of nano-TiO2 contents of around 0.75\u20131.00% may be an interesting choice since it reduced the printability of paste by 30 min compared with the control mix but allowed for printing 24 layers (118% higher than plain mortar).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15113896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1653956712000},"page":"3896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Fresh Performance of 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3695-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"de Matos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Coordination, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Cachoeira do Sul 96503-205, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Tuani","family":"Zat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures and Civil Construction, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Kiara","family":"Corazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures and Civil Construction, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Fensterseifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures and Civil Construction, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gihad","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures and Civil Construction, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1914-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erich","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structures and Civil Construction, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.013","article-title":"3D printing of ceramics: A review","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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