{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:26:49Z","timestamp":1776846409475,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]],"date-time":"2022-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies (FibEnTech-UBI)","award":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies (FibEnTech-UBI)","award":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies (FibEnTech-UBI)","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES","award":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020 n\u00ba 246\/AXIS II\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00195\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundac\u0327a\u0303o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, IP\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00151\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embossing is a converting process in which the surface of a tissue paper sheet is changed under high pressure, allowing different functions. In this work, the authors intend to study how the embossing pressure affects the main properties of tissue paper, using a laboratory embossing system. An optimum pressure was achieved at 2.8 bar to this embossing laboratory set-up. The effect of pressure when densifying the paper sheet gives it a gain in mechanical strength but no differences in terms of liquid absorbency. The two embossing patterns present different behaviors but both evidence losses in mechanical and softness properties. On the other hand, the finite element method (FEM) does not show clear evidence of how the pressure affects the paper strength. For the deco die, it is possible to observe that the amount of yielding is slightly higher for lower pressure (2.4 bar), but this plasticity state parameter is very similar for 2.8 bar and 3.2 bar. For the micro die, FEM simulations of the manufacturing pressure do not show a considerable impact on the amount of plasticity state of the material; only for 3.2 bar, it shows a change in the pattern of the plasticity state of the paper during the embossing processes. In the end, to achieve a final product with excellent quality, it is important to make a compromise between the various properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T10:14:52Z","timestamp":1655633692000},"page":"4324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Embossing Pressure Effect on Mechanical and Softness Properties of Industrial Base Tissue Papers with Finite Element Method Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Costa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio de O.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Leite","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Aeronautical Engineering Department, S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 05508-060, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6165-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Costa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanical and Aerospace Science and Technologies (C-MAST-UBI), University da Beira Interior, R. Marqu\u00eas D\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Margarida","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest and Paper Research Institute (RAIZ), R. Jos\u00e9 Estev\u00e3o, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7374-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Torr\u00e3o","family":"Fiadeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fiber Materials and Environmental Technologies Research Unit (FibEnTech-UBI), University da Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berg, P., and Lingqvist, O. (2019). Pulp, Paper, and Packaging in the next Decade: Transformational Change. McKinsey Co. Pap. For. Prod. Pract., 11."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Janda, B. (2018, December 13). Sheet Structure Process Effect on Tissue Properties. Available online: https:\/\/tissue360.tappi.org\/2017\/12\/28\/sheet-structure-process-effect-on-tissue-properties\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"91","article-title":"Overview of Tissue Finishing and Converting","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tappi J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.24867\/JGED-2017-2-047","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Paper Embossing Tools Produced by Fused Deposition Modelling Additive Manufacturing Technology","volume":"8","author":"Banjanin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Graph. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bredahl, G., Reichling, B., and Schnikoreit, W. (2003). Embossing Device. (U.S. 2003\/0,110,961 A1), United States Patent Application, p. 14."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ingalls, C. (2002). Adding Quality through Finishing Processes, Paperloop."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hilbig, K., Liplijn, M., and Reinheimer, H. (2005). Method of Making a Thick and Smooth Embossed Tissue. (U.S. 2005\/0,230,069 A1), United States Patent Application, p. 9."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Giannini, D. (2021, September 08). What Measurements Are Necessary to Understand the Impact of Converting on the Nowadays Tissue Market?. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/what-measurements-necessary-understand-impact-tissue-market-giannini\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.13.2.DeAssis","article-title":"Understand the Effect of Machine Technology and Cellulosic Fibers on Tissue Properties\u2014A Review","volume":"13","author":"Assis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Giannini, D. (2021, September 08). Paper Thickness\/Caliper: Part I. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/paper-thicknesscaliper-part-i-dario-giannini\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Giannini, D. (2021, September 08). Resistance (Tensile Strength): Part I. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/resistance-tensile-strength-part-i-dario-giannini\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Giannini, D. (2021, September 08). Resistance Measurement in Tissue Paper Industry (Part II). Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/resistance-measurement-tissue-paper-industry-part-ii-dario-giannini\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Giannini, D. (2021, September 08). Resistance: Part IV. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/resistance-part-iv-dario-giannini\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Khan, A.A. (2021). Development of Model to Simulate Embossing of Tissue Paper\u2014Effect of Embossing on Mechanical Performance of Tissue. [Master\u2019s Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.17.2.Pawlak","article-title":"Review: The Softness of Hygiene Tissue","volume":"17","author":"Pawlak","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioRes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2018.10.006","article-title":"Characterizing Materials and Processes Used on Paper Tissue Converting Lines","volume":"17","author":"Spina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04618-2","article-title":"Mechanical and Softness Characterization of \u201cDeco\u201d and \u201cMicro\u201d Embossed Tissue Papers Using Finite Element Model (FEM) Validation","volume":"29","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2015). Tissue Paper and Tissue Products\u2014Part 6: Determination of Grammage 2005 (Standard No. ISO 12625-6:2005)."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-013-0496-y","article-title":"Development of an Optical System for Analysis of the Ink\u2013Paper Interaction","volume":"24","author":"Fiadeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, M.F.P.C. (2013). Study of the Ink-Paper Interaction by Image Analysis: Surface and Bulk Inspection, SPIE. Proc. SPIE 8785.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2024991"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1021\/ie403595f","article-title":"Dynamic Interactions of Pigment-Based Inks on Chemically Modified Papers and Their Influence on Inkjet Print Quality","volume":"53","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"301","article-title":"Development of an Innovative 3D Simulator for Structured Polymeric Fibrous Materials and Liquid Droplets","volume":"Volume 70","author":"Altenbach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mechanical and Materials Engineering of Modern Structure and Component Design"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04328-1","article-title":"Characterization of Absorbency Properties on Tissue Paper Materials with and without \u201cDeco\u201d and \u201cMicro\u201d Embossing Patterns","volume":"29","author":"Morais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2005). Tissue Paper and Tissue Products\u2014Part 4: Determination of Tensile Strength, Stretch at Break and Tensile Energy Absorption 2005 (Standard No. ISO 12625-4:2005)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2014). Tissue Paper and Tissue Products\u2014Part 3: Determination of Thickness, Bulking Thickness and Apparent Bulk Density and Bulk 2014 (Standard No. ISO 12625-3:2014)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.2.3888-3898","article-title":"Impact of Embossing on Liquid Absorption of Toilet Tissue Papers","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7683(03)00318-4","article-title":"Orthotropic Elastic\u2013Plastic Material Model for Paper Materials","volume":"40","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(93)90073-O","article-title":"A General Anisotropic Yield Criterion Using Bounds and a Transformation Weighting Tensor","volume":"41","author":"Karafillis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/12\/4324\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:34:46Z","timestamp":1760139286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/12\/4324"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15124324"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15124324","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,18]]}}}