{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:55:32Z","timestamp":1770908132338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"4NoPressure","award":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"]}]},{"name":"4NoPressure","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"4NoPressure","award":["UID\/00264\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00264\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation","award":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation","award":["UID\/00264\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00264\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"]}]},{"name":"PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","award":["UID\/00264\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00264\/2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit of the Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T)","award":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.\u00ba POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039869"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit of the Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T)","award":["COMPETE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMPETE 2020"]}]},{"name":"R&amp;D Unit of the Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T)","award":["UID\/00264\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00264\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the force\/pressure applied onto a textile substrate through a uniaxial compression is constant and independent of the yarn direction, it should be noted that such mechanical action causes a geometric change in the substrate, which can be identified by the reduction in its lateral thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the fabric orientation on both knitted and woven pressure sensors, in order to generate knowledge for a better design process during textile piezoresistive sensor development. For this purpose, these distinct textile structures were doped with different concentrations of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), using the screen-printing technique. The chemical and physical properties of these screen-printed fabrics were analysed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Ground State Diffuse Reflectance and Raman Spectroscopy. Samples were subjected to tests determining linear electrical surface resistance and piezoresistive behaviour. In the results, a higher presence of conductive material was found in woven structures. For the doped samples, the electrical resistance varied between 105 \u03a9 and 101 \u03a9, for the GNPs\u2019 percentage increase. The lowest resistance value was observed for the woven fabric with 15% GNPs (3.67 \u00b1 8.17 \u00d7 101 \u03a9). The samples showed different electrical behaviour according to the fabric orientation. Overall, greater sensitivity in the longitudinal direction and a lower coefficient of variation CV% of the measurement was identified in the transversal direction, coursewise for knitted and weftwise for woven fabrics. The woven fabric doped with 5% GNPs assembled in the weftwise direction was shown to be the most indicated for a piezoresistive sensor, due to its most uniform response and most accurate measure of mechanical stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"5185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development of Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Screen-Printed on Woven and Knitted Fabrics: Optimisation of Active Layer Formulation and Transversal\/Longitudinal Textile Direction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa M.","family":"Arruda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5502-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas P.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usha Kiran","family":"Sanivada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Fangueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"},{"name":"Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2020.103058","article-title":"The role of clothing on participation of persons with a physical disability: A scoping review","volume":"85","author":"Esmail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ullah, H.M.K., Lejeune, J., Cayla, A., Monceaux, M., Campagne, C., and Devaux, \u00c9. (2021). A review of noteworthy\/major innovations in wearable clothing for thermal and moisture management from material to fabric structure. Text. Res. J., 1\u201336."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharaf, S.M. (2020). Smart conductive textile. Advances in Functional and Protective Textiles, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820257-9.00007-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2020.03.003","article-title":"Emerging technologies for the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"29","author":"Lung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Viability"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109357","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109357","article-title":"Wearable pressure sensors for pulse wave monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2017.2689006","article-title":"Wearable haptic systems for the fingertip and the hand: Taxonomy, review, and perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Pacchierotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hapt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.C., Spina, F., Lugoda, P., Garcia-Garcia, L., Roggen, D., and M\u00fcnzenrieder, N. (2019). Flexible sensors\u2014From materials to applications. Technologies, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies7020035"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/2472630319891128","article-title":"Wearable sensors for monitoring human motion: A review on mechanisms, materials, and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Homayounfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"SLAS Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"86","article-title":"Recent advances of wearable and flexible piezoresistivity pressure sensor devices and its future prospects","volume":"6","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035017","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aafe89","article-title":"High sensitivity knitted fabric bi-directional pressure sensor based on conductive blended yarn","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00405007308630416","article-title":"3\u2014The finite-deformation theory of plain-weave fabrics part I: The biaxial-deformation theory","volume":"64","author":"Kawabata","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fraden, J. (2004). Handbook of Modern Sensors, Springer. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.07.006","article-title":"Theory, technology and applications of piezoresistive sensors: A review","volume":"281","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Flexible wire-shaped strain sensor from cotton thread for human health and motion detection","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083717699368","article-title":"Conductive polymers for smart textile applications","volume":"48","author":"Koncar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rmol, G., Sanivada, U.K., and Fangueiro, R. (2021). Effect of GNPs on the piezoresistive, electrical and mechanical properties of PHA and PLA films. Fibers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fib9120086"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032003","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/aac055","article-title":"Electrical percolation in graphene\u2013polymer composites","volume":"5","author":"Marsden","year":"2018","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Su\u00e1rez, A., and Prolongo, S.G. (2020). Graphene nanoplatelets. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051753"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200800988","article-title":"Synthesis of amphiphilic graphene nanoplatelets","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamedulski, P., Truszkowski, S., and Lukaszewicz, J.P. (2020). Highly effective methods of obtaining N-doped graphene by gamma irradiation. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214975"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, P., Ferreira, D.P., Ara\u00fajo, J.C., Ferreira, A., and Fangueiro, R. (2020). The potential of graphene nanoplatelets in the development of smart and multifunctional ecocomposites. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102189"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9594","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC01723H","article-title":"Cu\u2013Ag core\u2013shell nanowires for electronic skin with a petal molded microstructure","volume":"3","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/254\/7\/072007","article-title":"Flexible force sensors for e-textiles","volume":"254","author":"Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-00699-1","article-title":"Characterization of electro-conductive textile materials by its biaxial anisotropy coefficient and resistivity","volume":"30","author":"Tokarska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/1536383X.2014.894025","article-title":"Investigation of graphene\/Ag nanocomposites synthesis parameters for two different synthesis methods","volume":"23","author":"Yildiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostructur."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21218","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm32871b","article-title":"Embedding graphene nanoparticles into poly (N, N\u2032-dimethylacrylamine) to prepare transparent nanocomposite films with high refractive index","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Socrates, G. (2001). Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies, Wiley. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2273","article-title":"Characterization of pottery from the Republic of Macedonia I: Raman analyses of Byzantine glazed pottery excavated from Prilep and Skopje (12th\u201314th century)","volume":"40","author":"Tanevska","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.03.040","article-title":"Evaluation on stability and thermophysical performances of covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets with xylitol and citric acid","volume":"212","author":"Shazali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francavilla, P., Ferreira, D.P., Ara, J.C., and Fangueiro, R. (2021). Smart fibrous structures produced by electrospinning using the combined effect of pcl\/graphene nanoplatelets. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031124"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanivada, U.K., Esteves, D., Arruda, L.M., Silva, C.A., Moreira, I.P., and Fangueiro, R. (2022). Joule-heating effect of thin films with carbon-based nanomaterials. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15124323"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517508092018","article-title":"Study on the electrical resistance of textiles under wet conditions","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosque, A.D., Xoan, F.S.-R., S\u00e1nchez, M., and Alejandro, U. (2022). Wearable sensors based on graphene nanoplatelets reinforced polydimethylsiloxane for human motion monitoring: Analysis of crack propagation and cycling load monitoring. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10020075"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2014.08.027","article-title":"Strain sensing in polymer\/carbon nanotube composites by electrical resistance measurement","volume":"68","author":"Georgousis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/004051758605601208","article-title":"A mechanical model for the lateral compression of woven fabrics","volume":"56","author":"Snaith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"799","article-title":"Review on compression properties of textile materials","volume":"8","author":"Senior","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1108\/RJTA-01-2020-0004","article-title":"Impact of cotton parameters on sensorial comfort of woven fabrics","volume":"24","author":"Atalie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. J. Text. Appar."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guru, R., Kumar Varshney, R., and Kumar, R. (2022). Compression and Recovery Functional Application for the Sportswear Fabric, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.101316"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knezi\u0107, \u017d., Penava, \u017d., Penava, D.\u0160., and Rogale, D. (2021). The impact of elongation on change in electrical resistance of electrically conductive yarns woven into fabric. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123390"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/ab82f1","article-title":"Development of high-sensitivity pressure sensor with on-chip differential transistor amplifier","volume":"30","author":"Basov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Micromechan. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Ropmay, G.D., Rathore, P.K., Rangababu, P., and Akhtar, J. (2020). Sensitivity enhancement of P-and N-MOS based current mirror pressure sensor using differential amplifier. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0031312"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/15\/5185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:55Z","timestamp":1760140615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/15\/5185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15155185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15155185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}