{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:35:47Z","timestamp":1776918947562,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper refers to studies of the structure of high-performance concrete with polypropylene fibre at different dosages. The authors see a research gap in the study of the effect of adding polypropylene fibre on the parameters of concrete exposed to high temperatures. The study takes into account the thermal effect\u2014groups of samples were heated to 200 \u00b0C, 400 \u00b0C and 600 \u00b0C. The authors carried out basic tests to describe the changes in density, ultrasonic tests, uniaxial compression strength tests and tensile tests by splitting. The positive effect of polypropylene fibres is mainly observed between 20 \u00b0C and 200 \u00b0C. The melting of polypropylene fibres causes a delay in the development of micro-cracks in the structure of these concretes compared to HPC. Adding polypropylene fibres to the mixtures also increased the speed of ultrasonic wave propagation in the medium. The research was deepened with tomographic imaging. A description of the splitting surface was carried out. The results of tensile by splitting tests clearly show an increase in the relative failure area for unheated concretes in proportion to the number of fibres used. Changes in splitting surfaces under the influence of temperature are graphically illustrated. Furthermore, differences in the samples under the influence of heating at high temperatures are presented. Finally, the porosity development of all sample groups before and after heating at all temperatures is described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1661125861000},"page":"5753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Change of the Structural Properties of High-Performance Concretes Subjected to Thermal Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7766-8493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz Piotr","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5124-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Wa\u0142ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, The Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Natividade-Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra Polytechnic\u2014ISEC, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers of Coimbra (INESCC), 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra Polytechnic\u2014ISEC, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardi, E., Carlucci, S., Cornaro, C., and Bohne, R.A. (2017). An analysis of the most adopted rating systems for assessing the environmental impact of buildings. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9071226"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, F., Liu, G., Ji, Y., Tong, W., Du, X., Li, K., Shrestha, A., and Martek, I. (2020). Evaluating the environmental impact of construction within the industrialized building process: A monetization and building information modelling approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228396"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.109944","article-title":"A review of internal and external influencing factors on energy efficiency design of buildings","volume":"216","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.116035","article-title":"A new fuzzy model of multi-criteria decision support based on Bayesian networks for the urban areas\u2019 decarbonization planning","volume":"268","author":"Skiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042013","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/960\/4\/042013","article-title":"Economic and environmental assessment of new generation concretes","volume":"960","author":"Walach","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim, H., Kim, T., and Choi, G. (2019). Technology roadmap for eco-friendly building materials industry. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12050804"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.03.005","article-title":"Life-cycle inventory analysis of concrete production: A critical review","volume":"51","author":"Masanet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domaga\u0142a, L. (2020). Durability of structural lightweight concrete with sintered fly ash aggregate. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204565"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042056","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/603\/4\/042056","article-title":"Impurities of recycled concrete aggregate-types, origin and influence on the concrete strength parameters","volume":"603","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skrzypczak, I., Kokoszka, W., Zi\u0119ba, J., Le\u015bniak, A., Bajno, D., and Bednarz, \u0141. (2020). A Proposal of a Method for Ready-Mixed Concrete Quality Assessment Based on Statistical-Fuzzy Approach. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245674"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117874","article-title":"Effect of polypropylene plastic fibers length on cracking resistance of high performance concrete at early age","volume":"244","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00384-7","article-title":"Spalling and pore pressure in HPC at high temperatures","volume":"30","author":"Kalifa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00399-9","article-title":"Autogenous shrinkage and induced restraining stresses in high-strength concretes","volume":"30","author":"Igarashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2014.11.003","article-title":"Real-time measurements of temperature, pressure and moisture profiles in High-Performance Concrete exposed to high temperatures during neutron radiography imaging","volume":"68","author":"Toropovs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, T.J., De La Varga, I., and Weiss, W.J. (2012, January 29\u201331). Reducing cracking in concrete structures by using internal curing with high volumes of fly ash. Proceedings of the 2012 Structures Congress, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412367.063"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2005). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures. Parts 1\u20132: General Rules. Structural Fire Design (Standard No. Polish Version of EN 1992-1-2:2008\/NA:2010P)."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.02.108","article-title":"Effects of High Temperature on the Properties of High Performance Concrete (HPC)","volume":"172","author":"Tomaszewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2009.07.001","article-title":"Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to high temperatures","volume":"44","author":"Behnood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2008.09.005","article-title":"Evaluating residual properties of thermally damaged concrete","volume":"30","author":"Biolzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-7112(03)00093-6","article-title":"Study on concrete at high temperature in China-An overview","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.03.007","article-title":"Mechanical properties and microstructure of high strength concrete containing polypropylene fibres exposed to temperatures up to 200 \u00b0C","volume":"35","author":"Noumowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.13168\/cs.2016.0050","article-title":"Transition and decomposition temperatures of cement phases-A collection of thermal analysis data","volume":"60","author":"Collier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceramics-Silikaty"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, H.F.W. (1997). Cement Chemistry, Thomas Telford Publishing. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1680\/cc.25929"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"483","article-title":"The thermal dehydration of natural gypsum and pure calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum)","volume":"282","author":"Strydom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"774","article-title":"Differential Thermal Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08910.x","article-title":"29 Si and 27 Al MASNMR Study of Stratlingite","volume":"78","author":"Kwan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00043a023","article-title":"The Use of Hydrotalcite as an Anion Absorbent","volume":"34","author":"Parker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"440","article-title":"Some Applications of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Cement Chemistry. Part 3","volume":"5","author":"Bensted","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"13","article-title":"The Application of Thermal Analysis to the Hydration and Conversion Reaction of Calcium Aluminate Cements","volume":"42","author":"Sharp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mater. Construcci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546998","article-title":"Thermogravimetric evaluation of the kinetics of the gypsum-hemihydrate-soluble anhydrite transitions","volume":"42","author":"Deutsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-012-0320-7","article-title":"Colour Change in Heated Concrete","volume":"50","author":"Hager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1177\/1369433218754335","article-title":"Innovative strategies for enhancing fire performance of high-strength concrete structures","volume":"21","author":"Kodur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103065","article-title":"Considerations on computational modeling of concrete structures in fire","volume":"120","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"13","article-title":"Simulation of the evacuation of people in a road tunnel in the event of fire-case study","volume":"66","author":"Burtan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123448","article-title":"A review of residual strength properties of normal and high strength concrete exposed to elevated temperatures: Impact of materials modification on behaviour of concrete composite","volume":"296","author":"Babalola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2478\/v.10169-010-0003-z","article-title":"The impact of the amount and length of fibrillated polypropylene fibres on the properties of HPC exposed to high temperature","volume":"56","author":"Hager","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00240-9","article-title":"Compressive strength and pore structure of highperformance concrete","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.02.011","article-title":"Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures","volume":"34","author":"Poon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.209","article-title":"Residual mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete after heating","volume":"198","author":"Eidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-018-0791-2","article-title":"Performance of High Strength Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.28991\/cej-2021-03091681","article-title":"An experimental study on concrete\u2019s durability and mechanical characteristics subjected to different curing regimes","volume":"7","author":"Borrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hager, I., Zdeb, T., and Krzemie\u0144, K. (2013, January 25\u201327). The impact of the amount of polypropylene fibres on spalling behaviour and residual mechanical properties of Reactive Powder Concretes. Proceedings of the MATEC Web of Conferences, Concrete Spalling due to Fire Exposure: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20130602003"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127953","article-title":"Effects of high temperatures on the splitting tensile strength and gamma ray shielding performance of radiation shielding concrete","volume":"343","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1179\/095066099101528261","article-title":"X-ray microtomography of materials","volume":"44","author":"Stock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2012.07.002","article-title":"A novel beam hardening correction method requiring no prior knowledge, incorporated in an iterative reconstruction algorithm","volume":"51","author":"Brabant","year":"2012","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, V., Sanctorum, J.G., Van Wassenbergh, S., Dirckx, J.J.J., Sijbers, J., and De Beenhouwer, J. (2021). Geometry Calibration of a Modular Stereo Cone-Beam X-ray CT System. J. Imaging, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging7030054"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.09.078","article-title":"The effect of surface treatment on the microstructure of the skin of concrete","volume":"427","author":"Sadowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s42947-020-0119-8","article-title":"Research progress on cement-based materials by X-ray computed tomography","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20153112003","article-title":"Analysis of concrete meso damage based on CT","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2478\/sgem-2014-0035","article-title":"X-Ray Microtomography (\u03bcCT) as a Useful Tool for Visualization and Interpretation of Shear Strength Test Results","volume":"36","author":"Stefaniuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Geotech. Mech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2018.03.027","article-title":"Pore characteristics (>0.1 mm) of non-air entrained concrete destroyed by freeze-thaw cycles based on CT scanning and 3D printing","volume":"151","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.182","article-title":"Mechanical and fracture properties of concrete reinforced with recycled and industrial steel fibers using Digital Image Correlation technique and X-ray micro computed tomography","volume":"183","author":"Suchorzewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaskowska-Lema\u0144ska, J., Kucharska, M., Matuszak, J., Nowak, P., and \u0141ukaszczyk, W. (2022). Selected Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled PET Aggregate. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072566"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarczyk, G.P., Kinasz, R., Bilozir, V., and Bidenko, I. (2022). Application of X-ray Computed Tomography to Verify Bond Failures Mechanism of Fiber-Reinforced Fine-Grain Concrete. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062193"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.049","article-title":"A review of X-ray computed tomography of concrete and asphalt construction materials","volume":"199","author":"Boshoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.101","article-title":"Effects of chloride ions on carbonation rate of hardened cement paste by X-ray CT techniques","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"138","article-title":"Influence of high temperature on compressive strength of structural lightweight concrete|Wp\u0142yw wysokiej temperatury na wytrzyma\u0142o\u015b\u0107 na \u015bciskanie konstrukcyjnych beton\u00f3w lekkich","volume":"17","author":"Hager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Bet."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3","article-title":"Influence of elevated temperature on selected properties of high performance concrete modified with the addition of polypropylene fibres|Wp\u0142yw wysokiej temperatury na wybrane w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci betonu wysokowarto\u015bciowego z dodatkiem w\u0142\u00f3kien polipropylenowych","volume":"29","author":"Hager","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Wapno Bet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124608","article-title":"Ultra-High performance concrete (UHPC) with polypropylene (Pp) and steel Fibres: Investigation on the high temperature behaviour","volume":"304","author":"Sciarretta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.10.005","article-title":"Fire spalling of ultra-high performance concrete: From a global analysis to microstructure investigations","volume":"115","author":"Missemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e01080","article-title":"Assessment of high-temperature damaged concrete using non-destructive tests and artificial neural network modelling","volume":"16","author":"Almasaeid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104922","article-title":"Influence of fibers on fresh and hardened properties of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC)\u2014A review","volume":"57","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.035","article-title":"Nano-mechanical behavior of the interfacial transition zone between steel-polypropylene fiber and cement paste","volume":"145","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127179","article-title":"Evaluation of concrete tensile strength as a function of temperature","volume":"329","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.026","article-title":"Performance of nano-Silica modified high strength concrete at elevated temperatures","volume":"68","author":"Bastami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032056","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/245\/3\/032056","article-title":"Evaluation of the Development of Bond Strength between Two Concrete Layers","volume":"245","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"51","article-title":"Nonlinear finite-element analysis of R\/C deep beams","volume":"24","author":"Belletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stud. Res. Grad. Sch. Concr. Struct.\u2013Frat. Pesenti."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5753\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:12:50Z","timestamp":1760141570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/16\/5753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15165753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15165753","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]}}}