{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:05:53Z","timestamp":1774645553072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Growth Operational Programme 2014\u20132020, IV Increasing the research potential, 4.1.4: \u2018Application projects\u2019","award":["POIR 04.01.04-00-0096\/18-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR 04.01.04-00-0096\/18-00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR 04.01.04-00-0096\/18-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR 04.01.04-00-0096\/18-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) is an innovative technology that can lead to breakthrough modifications of production processes in the construction industry. The paper presents for the first time the possibility of 3D printing concrete\u2013geopolymer hybrids reinforced with aramid roving. Reference concrete samples and concrete\u2013geopolymer hybrids composed of 95% concrete and 5% geopolymer based on fly ash or metakaolin were produced. The properties of the samples without reinforcement and samples with 0.5% (wt.) aramid roving were compared. The frost resistance tests, UV radiation resistance, and thermal conductivity were evaluated for samples that were 3D-printed or produced by the conventional casting method. Compressive strength tests were carried out for each sample exposed to freeze\u2013thaw cycles and UV radiation. It was observed that after the frost resistance test, the samples produced by the 3D printing technology had a minor decrease in strength properties compared to the samples made by casting. Moreover, the thermal conductivity coefficient was higher for concrete\u2013geopolymer hybrids than concrete reinforced with aramid roving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15176132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T22:33:01Z","timestamp":1662503581000},"page":"6132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Properties of 3D Printed Concrete\u2013Geopolymer Hybrids Reinforced with Aramid Roving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Marczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celina","family":"Ziejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Korniejenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u0141ach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Witold","family":"Marzec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centrum Ekologicznego Budownictwa Mieszkaniowego 3 Sp. z o.o., Henryka Sienkiewicza 19\/4, 40-031 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0028-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4739-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Dziura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andina","family":"Sprince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, \u0136\u012bpsalas iela 6A, Centra Rajons, LV-1048 R\u012bga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6041-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Szechy\u0144ska-Hebda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute\u2014National Research Institute, Radzik\u00f3w, 05-870 B\u0142onie, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8583-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Hebda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). 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