{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T11:06:36Z","timestamp":1778756796691,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread to over 180 countries and abruptly disrupted production rates and supply chains worldwide. Since then, 3D printing, also recognized as additive manufacturing (AM) and known to be a novel technique that uses layer-by-layer deposition of material to produce intricate 3D geometry, has been engaged in reducing the distress caused by the outbreak. During the early stages of this pandemic, shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), including facemasks, shields, respirators, and other medical gear, were significantly answered by remotely 3D printing them. Amidst the growing testing requirements, 3D printing emerged as a potential and fast solution as a manufacturing process to meet production needs due to its flexibility, reliability, and rapid response capabilities. In the recent past, some other medical applications that have gained prominence in the scientific community include 3D-printed ventilator splitters, device components, and patient-specific products. Regarding non-medical applications, researchers have successfully developed contact-free devices to address the sanitary crisis in public places. This work aims to systematically review the applications of 3D printing or AM techniques that have been involved in producing various critical products essential to limit this deadly pandemic\u2019s progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1665279791000},"page":"6827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Unprecedented Role of 3D Printing Technology in Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y. C.","family":"Niranjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. G.","family":"Channabasavanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, Mysuru 570006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shankar","family":"Krishnapillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8821-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Velmurugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3602-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Rajesh","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-4198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhanesh","family":"G. Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials Joining, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasan Sattarpanah","family":"Karganroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, QC G9A 5H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 07). Coronavirus. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mnl.2020.06.008","article-title":"The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Technology: Adoption in Health Care","volume":"18","author":"Clipper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurse Lead."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, September 18). Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19\u20143 August 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---3-august-2022."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-021-01937-y","article-title":"Comparing the first and the second waves of COVID-19 in Italy: Differences in epidemiological features and CT findings using a semi-quantitative score","volume":"28","author":"Balacchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72611-5","article-title":"Second wave COVID-19 pandemics in Europe: A temporal playbook","volume":"10","author":"Cacciapaglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.101537","article-title":"The COVID-19 second wave: A perspective to be explored","volume":"25","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0992","article-title":"India\u2019s Battle against COVID-19: Progress and Challenges","volume":"103","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.008","article-title":"A review of modern technologies for tackling COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.04.002","article-title":"Applications of 3D Printing Technology to Address COVID-19\u2013Related Supply Shortages","volume":"133","author":"Ishack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021, February 07). WHO Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19\u201411 March 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.04.019","article-title":"Emerging Technologies to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Vaishya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3009","article-title":"Impact of 3D printed medical equipment on the management of the COVID19 pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Belhouideg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, February 07). Economic and Operational Impacts of COVID-19 to Manufacturers|NAM. Available online: https:\/\/www.nam.org\/coronasurvey\/."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"11","article-title":"Employing a Low-Cost Desktop 3D Printer: Challenges, and How to Overcome Them by Tuning Key Process Parameters","volume":"10","author":"Antreas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-08127-7","article-title":"Static and dynamic flexural behaviour of printed polylactic acid with thermal annealing: Parametric optimisation and empirical modelling","volume":"119","author":"Chikkanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2022.109550","article-title":"Quasi-static compression performance of material extrusion enabled re-entrant diamond auxetic metamaterial: Fabrication, tuning the geometrical parameters and fibre reinforcements","volume":"179","author":"Chikkanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1557\/mrc.2020.57","article-title":"Additive manufacturing for COVID-19: Devices, materials, prospects, and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Advincula","year":"2020","journal-title":"MRS Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2020-000483","article-title":"Polyester tipped 3-dimensionally printed swab that costs less than US$0.05 and can easily and rapidly be mass produced","volume":"6","author":"Alyouha","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Innov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-00234-3","article-title":"The global rise of 3D printing during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Choong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"100056","article-title":"3D Printing Challenges in Enabling Rapid Response to Public Health Emergencies","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102182","article-title":"Will COVID-19 be the tipping point for the Intelligent Automation of work? A review of the debate and implications for research","volume":"55","author":"Coombs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2020.1772229","article-title":"Can 3D printing of oral drugs help fight the current COVID-19 pandemic (and similar crisis in the future)?","volume":"17","author":"Hsiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarfaoui, M., Nachtane, M., Goda, I., Qureshi, Y., and Benyahia, H. (2020). 3D printing to support the shortage in personal protective equipment caused by COVID-19 pandemic. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13153339"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.04.020","article-title":"3D Printed Face Shields: A Community Response to the COVID-19 Global Pandemic","volume":"27","author":"Flanagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"988","article-title":"3D Printing Role in Filling the Critical Gap in the Medical Supply Chain during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Attaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"659","article-title":"Lessons learned from COVID-19 and 3D printing","volume":"46","author":"Menias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). 8 Ways 3D Printing is Helping to Fight Coronavirus\u2014ASME. Available online: https:\/\/www.asme.org\/topics-resources\/content\/8-ways-3d-printing-is-helping-to-fight-coronavirus."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). 3D Printing in FDA\u2019s Rapid Response to COVID-19|FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/emergency-preparedness-and-response\/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19\/3d-printing-fdas-rapid-response-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Airbus to Produce 3D-Printed Hospital Visors in Fight against COVID-19\u2014Company\u2014Airbus. Available online: https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/newsroom\/press-releases\/en\/2020\/04\/airbus-to-produce-3dprinted-hospital-visors-in-fight-against-covid19.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Ford Works With 3M, GE, UAW to Speed Production of Respirators for Healthcare Workers, Ventilators for Coronavirus Patients|Ford Media Center. Available online: https:\/\/media.ford.com\/content\/fordmedia\/fna\/us\/en\/news\/2020\/03\/24\/ford-3m-ge-uaw-respirators-ventilators.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). GM Adds Face Shields and Gowns to COVID-19 Personal Protection Equipment Production Push. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/edgarsten\/2020\/04\/19\/gm-adds-to-its-personal-protection-equipment-production\/?sh=1773f638541d."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Nagami Design 3D Prints Protective Masksto Help Fighting COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/nagami.design\/en\/project\/covid19-masks\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). COVID-19 and 3D Printing. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/stevebanker\/2020\/04\/13\/covid-19-and-3d-printing\/?sh=642744733f7a."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"News-Yingchuang Building Technique (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (2021, February 09). (WinSun). Available online: http:\/\/winsun3d.com\/En\/News\/news_inner\/id\/566."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-020-00064-7","article-title":"COVID-19 and the role of 3D printing in medicine","volume":"6","author":"Tino","year":"2020","journal-title":"3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.04.004","article-title":"How 3D Printing Can Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Among Healthcare Professionals During Times of Critical Shortage of Protective Personal Equipment","volume":"34","author":"Maracaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesthesia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.049","article-title":"Ventilators by Lottery: The Least Unjust Form of Allocation in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic","volume":"158","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104870","article-title":"How 3D printing and social media tackles the PPE shortage during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"130","author":"Vordos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), and Office of Product Evaluation and Quality (OPEQ) (2020). Enforcement Policy for Telethermographic Systems During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency. Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff, Food and Drug Administration."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Ford Partners with 3M, GE Healthcare to Make Respirators, Ventilators and Face Shields Amid Coronavirus Outbreak. Available online: https:\/\/www.detroitnews.com\/story\/business\/autos\/ford\/2020\/03\/24\/ford-partners-3-m-ge-healthcare-respirators-ventilators-face-shields\/2905986001\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). People Are 3D Printing Personal Protective Equipment to Help Hospitals With Shortage: NPR. Available online: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/local\/305\/2020\/04\/01\/825217523\/people-are-3-d-printing-personal-protective-equipment-to-help-hospitals-with-shortage."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzano, D., Rao, Y.J., Mitic, K., Obaid, S.N., Pierce, D., Huckenpahler, J., Berger, J., Goyal, S., and Loew, M.H. (2020). Rapid Prototyping of Reusable 3D-Printed N95 Equivalent Respirators at the George Washington University. Preprints, 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0444.v1"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings|NIOSH|CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/topics\/hcwcontrols\/recommendedguidanceextuse.html."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0151","article-title":"Biomaterials in orthopaedics","volume":"5","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). About GrabCAD\u2014GrabCAD\u2014Resources. Available online: https:\/\/resources.grabcad.com\/company\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Breathing Mask with Screw-In Filters (Version 2)|3D CAD Model Library|GrabCAD. Available online: https:\/\/grabcad.com\/library\/breathing-mask-with-screw-in-filters-version-2-1."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"3D System Company (2020). Stopgap Face Mask (SFM)\u2014Instructions for Use, Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108749","article-title":"Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields","volume":"192","author":"Shokrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138532","article-title":"Challenges and solutions for addressing critical shortage of supply chain for personal and protective equipment (PPE) arising from Coronavirus disease (COVID19) pandemic\u2014Case study from the Republic of Ireland","volume":"725","author":"Rowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.04.040","article-title":"3D Printing of Face Shields During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Technical Note","volume":"78","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.037","article-title":"3D printing of face shields to meet the immediate need for PPE in an anesthesiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Armijo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s43615-021-00047-8","article-title":"Manufacturing Zero-Waste COVID-19 Personal Protection Equipment: A Case Study of Utilizing 3D Printing While Employing Waste Material Recycling","volume":"1","author":"Kantaros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Econ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). 3D-Printed Protective Visor\u20143DVerkstan\u2014Quick to Print, Easy to Assemble. Available online: https:\/\/3dverkstan.se\/protective-visor\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Prusa Face Shield\u2014Cover|PrusaPrinters. Available online: https:\/\/www.prusaprinters.org\/prints\/27318-prusa-protective-face-shield-cover-rc1-wip#_ga=2.137673648.1814275440.1610550741-724956520.1610550741."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"3d Systems (2020). Reusable 3D-Printed Face Shield Frame The Outcome (SLS), Future Medicine."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.04.035","article-title":"Helmet Modification to PPE With 3D Printing During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Duke University Medical Center: A Novel Technique","volume":"35","author":"Erickson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"102576","article-title":"3D-printable headlight face shield adapter. Personal protective equipment in the COVID-19 era","volume":"41","author":"Valdiande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Easy\u2014COVID19 ENG|Isinnova. Available online: https:\/\/www.isinnova.it\/easy-covid19-eng\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1366","article-title":"3D Printed Alternative to the Standard Synthetic Flocked Nasopharyngeal Swabs Used for COVID-19 testing","volume":"73","author":"Decker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6794","article-title":"Design of 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs for children is enabled by radiologic imaging","volume":"41","author":"Starosolski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, I., Bulterys, P.L., Chang, M., DeSimone, J.M., Fralick, J., Herring, M., Kabaria, H., Kong, C.S., Larson, B., and Lu, O. (2020). The rapid deployment of a 3D printed \u2018Latticed\u2019 nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing made using digital light synthesis. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.25.20112201"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50726","article-title":"Pandemic printing: A novel 3D-printed swab for detecting SARS-CoV-2","volume":"213","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00135","article-title":"Parametric nasopharyngeal swab for sampling COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses: Open source design, SLA 3-D printing and UV curing system","volume":"8","author":"Gallup","year":"2020","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115257","article-title":"Prospective clinical validation of 3D printed nasopharyngeal swabs for diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"99","author":"Oland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). 3D Printed COVID-19 Test Swabs|Formlabs. Available online: https:\/\/formlabs.com\/asia\/covid-19-response\/covid-test-swabs\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.048","article-title":"Challenges and solutions in meeting up the urgent requirement of ventilators for COVID-19 patients","volume":"14","author":"Lyengar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2006.05.009","article-title":"A Single Ventilator for Multiple Simulated Patients to Meet Disaster Surge","volume":"13","author":"Neyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). ventsplitter.org\u2014Free 3D Printable Ventilator Circuit Splitter. Available online: http:\/\/ventsplitter.org\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Coronavirus: 3D Printers Save Hospital with Valves\u2014BBC News. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-51911070."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Meet The Italian Engineers 3D-Printing Respirator Parts For Free To Help Keep Coronavirus Patients Alive. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/amyfeldman\/2020\/03\/19\/talking-with-the-italian-engineers-who-3d-printed-respirator-parts-for-hospitals-with-coronavirus-patients-for-free\/?sh=277a072778f1."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2022, September 20). 3D Printing of Medical Devices, Accessories, Components, and Parts during the COVID-19 Pandemic|FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices\/3d-printing-medical-devices-accessories-components-and-parts-during-covid-19-pandemic."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERM20101905","article-title":"Monitoring the COVID-19 diffusion by combining wearable biosensors and smartphones","volume":"100","author":"Manekiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. M"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2021, February 07). Additive manufacturing and coronavirus 3D Printing Media Network\u2014The Pulse of the AM Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dprintingmedia.network\/category\/industry-2\/additive-manufacturing-and-coronavirus\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.06.010","article-title":"3D-printed contact-free devices designed and dispatched against the COVID-19 pandemic: The 3D COVID initiative","volume":"122","author":"Bonnet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2021, February 08). Hands-Free Door Opener: Technical Information\u2014Materialise. Available online: https:\/\/www.materialise.com\/en\/hands-free-door-opener\/technical-information."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ohx.2020.e00168","article-title":"Infrared thermometer on the wall (iThermowall): An open source and 3-D print infrared thermometer for fever screening","volume":"9","author":"Abuzairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"HardwareX"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanjayan, J.G., and Nematollahi, B. (2019). 3D Concrete Printing for Construction Applications, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815481-6.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"127","article-title":"3D-printed concrete: Applications, performance, and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Siddika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Cem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122463","article-title":"Environmental assessment of large-scale 3D printing in construction: A comparative study between cob and concrete","volume":"270","author":"Alhumayani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012022","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/814\/1\/012022","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Concrete: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"814","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). Chennai: 350 Sqft House Can Be Built in Week at Low Cost. Available online: https:\/\/www.deccanchronicle.com\/nation\/current-affairs\/251018\/chennai-350-sqft-house-can-be-built-in-week-at-low-cost.html."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). This Startup Will Build Your House in Three Weeks at Half the Cost\u2014Times of India. Available online: https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/companies\/this-startup-will-build-your-house-in-three-weeks-at-half-the-cost\/articleshow\/79614197.cms."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2021, February 09). WinSun Deploys 3D Printed Isolation Wards for Coronavirus Medical Staff \u00bb 3D Printing Media Network\u2014The Pulse of the AM Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dprintingmedia.network\/winsun-3d-printed-isolation-wards-coronavirus-medical-workers\/."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4236\/wjet.2020.84051","article-title":"Effect of 3D Printing Technology on 3C Product Manufacturing","volume":"8","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100006","article-title":"Three-dimensional(3D) printing in forensic science\u2013An emerging technology in India","volume":"1","author":"Jani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandhu, K., and Singh, S. (2022). Materials for Food Printing. Food Printing: 3D Printing in Food Industry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-8121-9"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2217\/3dp-2018-0012","article-title":"3D printing in dentistry","volume":"2","author":"Prasad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2020.08.006","article-title":"The Use of a 3D Printing Model in Planning a Donor Hepatectomy for Living Donor Liver Transplantation: First in India","volume":"11","author":"KRaichurkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200223","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.202200223","article-title":"Current Insight into 3D Printing in Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Ponnada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Batter. Supercaps"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19313","DOI":"10.1149\/10701.19313ecst","article-title":"Design and Development of Textile Fabrics Using 3D Printing Technology","volume":"107","author":"Dehghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"ECS Trans."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, A., Suwas, S., and Arora, M. (2022). Processing of Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing. Industry 4.0 and Advanced Manufacturing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-0561-2"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, B., Kumar, R., Chohan, J., Sharma, S., Singh, J., Ilyas, R.A., Rangappa, S.M., Siengchin, S., Naresh, K., and Raghu, S. (2022). Investigation of copper reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Nylon 6 based thermoplastic polymer nanocomposite filaments for 3D printing of electronic components. High Perform. Polym.","DOI":"10.1177\/09540083221112307"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/19\/6827\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:05Z","timestamp":1760143505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/19\/6827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15196827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15196827","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202208.0434.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}