{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:29:16Z","timestamp":1772252956531,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia through FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE-QREN-EU","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia through FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE-QREN-EU","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia through FEDER (European Fund for Regional Development)-COMPETE-QREN-EU","award":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/0098\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/0098\/2020"]}]},{"name":"E-Field\u2014\u201cElectric-Field Engineered Lattice Distortions (E-FiELD) for optoelectronic devices\u201d","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2013"]}]},{"name":"E-Field\u2014\u201cElectric-Field Engineered Lattice Distortions (E-FiELD) for optoelectronic devices\u201d","award":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/FIS\/04650\/2019"]}]},{"name":"E-Field\u2014\u201cElectric-Field Engineered Lattice Distortions (E-FiELD) for optoelectronic devices\u201d","award":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/0098\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/NAN-MAT\/0098\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline is a piezoelectric organic superplastic and superelastic charge transfer molecular crystal that crystallizes in an acentric structure. Organic mechanical flexible crystals are of great importance as they stand between soft matter and inorganic crystals. Highly aligned poly-l-lactic acid polymer microfibers with embedded N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline nanocrystals are fabricated using the electrospinning technique, and their piezoelectric and optical properties are explored as hybrid systems. The composite fibers display an extraordinarily high piezoelectric output response, where for a small stress of 5.0 \u00d7 103 Nm\u22122, an effective piezoelectric voltage coefficient of geff = 4.1 VmN\u22121 is obtained, which is one of the highest among piezoelectric polymers and organic lead perovskites. Mechanically, they exhibit an average increase of 67% in the Young modulus compared to polymer microfibers alone, reaching 55 MPa, while the tensile strength reaches 2.8 MPa. Furthermore, the fibers show solid-state blue fluorescence, important for emission applications, with a long lifetime decay (147 ns) lifetime decay. The present results show that nanocrystals from small organic molecules with luminescent, elastic and piezoelectric properties form a mechanically strong hybrid functional 2-dimensional array, promising for applications in energy harvesting through the piezoelectric effect and as solid-state blue emitters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15227958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T21:33:02Z","timestamp":1668115982000},"page":"7958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High Piezoelectric Output Voltage from Blue Fluorescent N,N-Dimethyl-4-nitroaniline Nano Crystals in Poly-L-Lactic Acid Electrospun Fibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5380-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa M. F.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vahideh B.","family":"Isfahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3751-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3365-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cerca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0732-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cid\u00e1lia","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro V.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7968-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Belsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Etelvina de Matos","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201402085","article-title":"Organized chromophoric assemblies for nonlinear optical materials: Towards (sub)wavelength scale architectures","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bosshard, C., Hulliger, J., Florsheimer, M., and Gunter, P. (2001). Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garito, A., Singer, K., and Teng, C. (1983). Molecular Optics: Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymeric Crystals, ACS Publications.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1983-0233.ch001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalwa, H.S., and Miyata, S. (1996). Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.601490"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.36.6754","article-title":"Second-harmonic generation from single crystals of n-substituted 4-nitroanilines","volume":"36","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X61002965","article-title":"A three-dimensional refinement of the crystal structure of 4-nitroaniline","volume":"14","author":"Trueblood","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00549546","article-title":"Growth of single crystals of meta-nitroaniline and the evaluation of its electro-optic properties","volume":"7","author":"Ayers","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/13642819208224591","article-title":"Ultrasonic and piezoelectric investigations on single crystals of 3-nitroaniline","volume":"66","author":"Bain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Philos. Mag. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14093","DOI":"10.1021\/jp051355d","article-title":"Optimization of nonlinear optical properties by substituent position, geometry and symmetry of the molecule:\u2009 An ab initio study","volume":"109","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1063\/1.463769","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical-study of the charge-density in 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline","volume":"97","author":"Howard","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14683","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.43.14683","article-title":"Measurement of the piezoelectric tensor of an organic crystal by the X-ray method: The nonlinear optical crystal 2-methyl 4-nitroaniline","volume":"43","author":"Paturle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1063\/1.326248","article-title":"An organic crystal with an exceptionally large optical second-harmonic coefficient: 2-Methyl-4-nitroaniline","volume":"50","author":"Levine","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Dmitriev, V.G., Gurzadyan, G.G., and Nikogosyan, D.N. (2013). Handbook of Nonlinear Optical Crystals, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.4.001899","article-title":"Second-harmonic generation in aromatic organic compounds","volume":"4","author":"Frazier","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X65000129","article-title":"The crystal and molecular structure of N,N-dimethyl-p-nitroaniline","volume":"18","author":"Mak","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(01)00642-1","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical study of the structure of N,N-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline derivatives as model compounds for non-linear optical organic materials","volume":"604","author":"Borbulevych","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06431-7","article-title":"Superplasticity in an organic crystal","volume":"9","author":"Takamizawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6425(76)90005-0","article-title":"Superplasticity","volume":"21","author":"Edington","year":"1976","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-006-6476-0","article-title":"Grain boundary sliding revisited: Developments in sliding over four decades","volume":"41","author":"Langdon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13561","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b05118","article-title":"Mechanically flexible organic crystals achieved by introducing weak interactions in structure: Supramolecular shape synthons","volume":"138","author":"Krishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c01119","article-title":"Organic molecular crystals with dual stress-induced mechanical response: Elastic and plastic flexibility","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00425","article-title":"From molecules to interactions to crystal engineering: Mechanical properties of organic solids","volume":"51","author":"Saha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.0c01743","article-title":"Elastic molecular crystals: From serendipity to design to applications","volume":"21","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8837","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201800137","article-title":"Crystal Adaptronics: Mechanically Reconfigurable Elastic and Superelastic Molecular Crystals","volume":"57","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5670","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200604646","article-title":"Electrospinning: A fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers","volume":"46","author":"Greiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1063\/1.373532","article-title":"Bending instability of electrically charged liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning","volume":"87","author":"Reneker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1021\/am301803b","article-title":"Uniaxially aligned nanofibrous cylinders by electrospinning","volume":"4","author":"Jana","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Inter."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c00873","article-title":"Electrospinning of highly crystalline polymers for strongly oriented fibers","volume":"2","author":"Lanthier","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.01.002","article-title":"Electrospun polymer biomaterials","volume":"90","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101413x","article-title":"Oriented single-crystal-like molecular arrangement of optically nonlinear 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline in electrospun nanofibers","volume":"5","author":"Isakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2021.111089","article-title":"Electrospun fibers with highly polarized second harmonic light from 2-amino-4-nitroaniline and 3-nitroaniline nanocrystals embedded in poly-L-lactic acid polymer","volume":"116","author":"Baptista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00464E","article-title":"Self-assembly of dipeptide Boc-diphenylalanine nanotubes inside electrospun polymeric fibers with strong piezoelectric response","volume":"1","author":"Baptista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-014-2502-3","article-title":"Ferroelectric nanofibers with an embedded optically nonlinear benzothiazole derivative","volume":"16","author":"Baptista","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00687G","article-title":"Anisotropic PCL nanofibers embedded with nonlinear nanocrystals as strong generators of polarized second harmonic light and piezoelectric currents","volume":"2","author":"Bernardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b08725","article-title":"Quantifying polymer chain orientation in strong and tough nanofibers with low crystallinity: Toward next generation nanostructured superfibers","volume":"13","author":"Papkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201200290","article-title":"Industrial upscaling of electrospinning and applications of polymer nanofibers: A Review","volume":"298","author":"Persano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.02.003","article-title":"Piezoelectric nanofibers for energy scavenging applications","volume":"1","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1063\/1.358712","article-title":"Structural and optical properties of poly lactic acids","volume":"77","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4979547","article-title":"Direct observation of shear piezoelectricity in poly-l-lactic acid nanowires","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b12368","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite Ferroelectric with Giant Piezoelectric Voltage Coefficient","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2011.11.067","article-title":"Simple way to make Anatase TiO2 films on FTO glass for promising solar cells","volume":"69","author":"Raghavender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10084","DOI":"10.1021\/jp068761x","article-title":"2-Amino-4-nitroaniline, a known compound with unexpected properties","volume":"111","author":"Kolev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1679401","article-title":"Electronic spectroscopy of highly-polar aromatics. * II. Luminescence of nitroanilines","volume":"58","author":"Khalil","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213305","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2936998","article-title":"Highly polarized luminescence from aligned conjugated polymer electrospun nanofibers","volume":"92","author":"Ishii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201200277","article-title":"Light-emitting electrospun nanofibers for nanophotonics and optoelectronics","volume":"298","author":"Camposeo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2020.109127","article-title":"2-Aryloxybenzo[d]oxazoles as deep blue solid-state emitters: Synthesis, aggregation-induced emission properties and crystal structure","volume":"187","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dye. Pigment."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00060","article-title":"Molecular Packing: Another Key Point for the Performance of Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00326F","article-title":"Assembly strategies of organic-based imaging agents for fluorescence and photoacoustic bioimaging applications","volume":"49","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1482698","article-title":"Vibrational excitation and energy redistribution after ultrafast internal conversion in 4-nitroaniline","volume":"117","author":"Kozich","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1021\/jp110539k","article-title":"Infrared Electroabsorption Spectroscopy of N,N-Dimethyl-p-nitroaniline in Acetonitrile\/C2Cl4: Solvation of the Solute and Self-Association of Acetonitrile","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1021\/jp072020u","article-title":"Raman spectroscopic study on the solvation of N,N-Dimethyl-p-nitroaniline in room-temperature ionic liquids","volume":"111","author":"Kimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1250080111","article-title":"A polarized infrared and Raman spectroscopic study of the electrooptic crystal m-nitroaniline. I\u2014Assignments of internal vibrations","volume":"8","author":"Szostak","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0104(88)87248-3","article-title":"Vibronic couplings in vibrational spectra and nonlinear electrooptic properties of meta-nitroaniline crystal","volume":"121","author":"Szostak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"16442","article-title":"Crystal growth, experimental, and theoretical investigation of organic NLO material n,n-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline","volume":"7","author":"Bhuvaneswari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1924","article-title":"Spectroscopic, structural and theoretical studies of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) crystal. Electronic transitions in IR","volume":"39","author":"Okwieka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1002275","article-title":"The Structure of Graphite Oxide: Investigation of Its Surface Chemical Groups","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(200101)13:1<62::AID-ADMA62>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Single-crystalline copper nanowires produced by electrochemical deposition in polymeric ion track membranes","volume":"13","author":"Molares","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(200101)13:1<70::AID-ADMA70>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Nanostructured Fibers via Electrospinning","volume":"13","author":"Bognitzki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Nye, J.F. (1985). Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8535","article-title":"An organic-inorganic perovskite ferroelectric with large piezoelectric response","volume":"357","author":"You","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1039\/D0QM00288G","article-title":"Recent progress in the piezoelectricity of molecular ferroelectrics","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3577","article-title":"Revisiting the \u03b4-phase of poly(vinylidene fluoride) for solution-processed ferroelectric thin films","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liao, C., and Tjong, S.C. (2019). Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Fibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9070952"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14477","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b08217","article-title":"Rigid Tightly Packed Amino Acid Crystals as Functional Supramolecular Materials","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1039\/D1MA01022K","article-title":"Self-assembly of Boc-p-nitro-L-phenylalanyl-p-nitro-L-phenylalanine and Boc-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosine in solution and into piezoelectric electrospun fibers","volume":"3","author":"Baptista","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800463","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201800463","article-title":"Advances in Piezoelectric Pol-ymer Composites for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Systematic Review","volume":"304","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.1021\/ma2006624","article-title":"Crystal Structure Analysis of Poly(L-lactic Acid) \u03b1 Form On the basis of the 2-Dimensional Wide-Angle Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Measurements","volume":"44","author":"Wasanasuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond, C. (2015). The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction, International Union of Crystallography Texts on Crystallography. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198738671.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Esteves, G., Ramos, K., Fancher, C.M., and Jones, J.L. (2017). LIPRAS: Line-Profile Analysis Software, MathWorks."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/22\/7958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:14:12Z","timestamp":1760145252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/22\/7958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15227958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15227958","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202209.0421.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]}}}