{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:46:32Z","timestamp":1771512392493,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CEECIND","award":["03276\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03276\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CEECIND","award":["02752\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02752\/2018"]}]},{"name":"CEECIND","award":["2728\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2728\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PTDC\/EME-EME","award":["03276\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03276\/2018"]}]},{"name":"PTDC\/EME-EME","award":["02752\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02752\/2018"]}]},{"name":"PTDC\/EME-EME","award":["2728\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2728\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of residual stresses in composite materials can significantly affect material performance, especially when integrated in bonded joints. These stresses, often generated during the cure process, can cause cracking and distortion of the material, and are caused by differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion or cure shrinkage. In the current research, multimaterial adherends combining carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and aluminium in a single-lap joint (SLJ) configuration are analysed, allowing us to understand the effect of the thermal residual stresses, developed during the curing process, in the overall performance of the joints. A numerical model resorting to a finite element analysis (FEA) is developed to assess and predict the behaviour of the joints. The use of FML (fibre metal laminates) was found to significantly improve the strength of the joints, as well as the failure mode. The proposed geometry performed similarly to the comparable FML geometry, in addition to a decrease in the joint weight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:38:50Z","timestamp":1669793930000},"page":"8541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Study of Thermal Residual Stresses on Multimaterial Adherends in Single-Lap Joints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8418-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz D.","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo D. P.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, X., Du, S., and Zhang, L. (2018). Composite Materials Engineering, Volume 1: Fundamentals of Composite Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5696-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.06.009","article-title":"Multi-material adhesive joints for automotive industry","volume":"151","author":"Banea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolais, L., Meo, M., and Milella, E. (2011). Composite Materials: A Vision for the Future, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-166-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1474460","article-title":"Effect of inter-plies on the short beam shear delamination of steel\/composite hybrid laminates","volume":"95","author":"Wallner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2020.100085","article-title":"Steel foil reinforcement for high performance bearing strength in Thin-Ply composites","volume":"4","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part C Open Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jajp.2022.100103","article-title":"The joint strength of hybrid composite joints reinforced with different laminates materials","volume":"5","author":"Ramezani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Join. Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.113923","article-title":"Design of adhesively bonded lap joints with laminated CFRP adherends: Review, challenges and new opportunities for aerospace structures","volume":"268","author":"Kupski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"521","article-title":"A strategy to reduce delamination of adhesive joints with composite substrates","volume":"233","author":"Shang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107363","article-title":"Review on techniques to improve the strength of adhesive joints with composite adherends","volume":"177","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112741","article-title":"A novel dissimilar single-lap joint with interfacial stiffness improvement","volume":"252","author":"Kanani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114068","article-title":"Determination of geometric role and damage assessment in hybrid fiber metal laminate (FML) joints based on acoustic emission","volume":"270","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1461","article-title":"A review of stress concentration studies on fibre composite panels with holes\/cutouts","volume":"234","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottaghian, F., and Taheri, F. On the flexural response of nanoparticle-reinforced adhesively bonded joints mating 3D-Fiber Metal Laminates\u2014A coupled numerical and experimental investigation. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2022.103278"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2021.1954509","article-title":"Investigating the mechanical performance of advanced marine coatings used for bonding composites to aluminum in-mold","volume":"98","author":"Barzey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1437415","article-title":"Improvement of adhesive bonding of polypropylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene blends to aluminium by means of addition of cyclic butylene terephthalate","volume":"95","author":"Astigarraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.05.290","article-title":"Progressive delamination analysis of CFRP laminated plate under compressive loading","volume":"47","author":"Suresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.116263","article-title":"Lamb wave-based damage imaging of CFRP composite structures using autoencoder and delay-and-sum","volume":"303","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Huang, G., and Li, C. (2021). Experimental and Numerical Study of Low-Velocity Impact and Tensile after Impact for CFRP Laminates Single-Lap Joints Adhesively Bonded Structure. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14041016"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2019.102475","article-title":"Strength of CFRP joints reinforced with adhesive layers","volume":"97","author":"Morgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teng, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Hui, X., Liu, W., and Ma, C. Improving mode II delamination resistance of curved CFRP laminates by a Pre-Hole Z-pinning (PHZ) process. Chin. J. Aeronaut., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2022.09.018"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.02.024","article-title":"Effective use of metallic Z-pins for composites\u2019 through-thickness reinforcement","volume":"175","author":"Yasaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2021.1988577","article-title":"Experimental and numerical assessment of the effect of transverse reinforcing of AL-GFRP single lap adhesive joint using Z-pins under tensile loading","volume":"98","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.11.675","article-title":"Influence of Stitching on Skin Stringer Debonding in Stiffened Composite Panels","volume":"167","author":"Riccio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111492","article-title":"Reinforcement of CFRP single lap joints using metal laminates","volume":"230","author":"Morgado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, D., Wen, Y., Qiu, J., Sun, B., Zhang, W., Li, Y., Xia, T., and Yang, C. (2022). Mechanical property and structure of polycarbonate \/aluminum alloy hybrid prepared by ultrasound-assisted hot-pressing technology. J. Adhes., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2022.2107426"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2020.06.015","article-title":"Comparison between long and short beam flexure of a carbon fibre based FML","volume":"26","author":"Bellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmec.2021.100038","article-title":"Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) characterization of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) manufactured through VARTM process","volume":"4","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forces Mech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2022.104403","article-title":"Temperature effects on the low-velocity impact of FML panels: Experimental and numerical analyses","volume":"172","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.108026","article-title":"On impact behavior of fiber metal laminate (FML) structures: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"167","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.03.087","article-title":"Interlaminar shear of FML produced with surface treatment by mechanical abrasion","volume":"108","author":"Bonhin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Yoo, M., and Moon, M. (2020). Effects of Surface Roughness on the Electrochemical Properties and Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of CFRP and SPCC Alloy. Mater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13184211"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2016.10.010","article-title":"An updated review of adhesively bonded joints in composite materials","volume":"72","author":"Budhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes Adhes."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jajp.2020.100020","article-title":"Loading capacity of adhesive joints regarding their manufacturing process","volume":"1","author":"Griese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Join. Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2019.1598862","article-title":"Residual stress evaluation of adhesively bonded composite using central cut plies specimens","volume":"96","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2016.02.036","article-title":"Contact stresses in adhesive joints due to differential thermal expansion with the adherends","volume":"87","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedemann, J., Prussak, R., Kappel, E., and H\u00fchne, C. (2022). In-situ quantification of manufacturing-induced strains in fiber metal laminates with strain gages. Compos. Struct., Submitted.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115967"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2019.1667237","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of AL\/CFRP single-lap joint subjected to combined thermal and constant loading","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983211007541","article-title":"A micromechanical model of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic and steel hybrid laminate composites","volume":"55","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2016.10.011","article-title":"Mixed mode fracture toughness of adhesively bonded joints with residual stress","volume":"102","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1727744","article-title":"Effect of residual strains on the static strength of dissimilar single lap adhesive joints","volume":"97","author":"Safaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-018-0793-4","article-title":"Evaluation of residual stress development in FRP-metal hybrids using fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"12","author":"Prussak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.08.012","article-title":"Evolution of curing residual stresses in composite using multi-scale method","volume":"155","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-021-09902-1","article-title":"Effects of Thermal Residual Stresses on Tensile and Interlaminar Shear Behaviors of GLARE Laminates","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmec.2021.100017","article-title":"Numerical model development to predict the process-induced residual stresses in fibre metal laminates","volume":"3","author":"Bellini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forces Mech."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"3M-Company (2022, May 29). 3M Scotch-Weld\u2122 Structural Adhesive Film AF 163-2. 10-2507-1 Datasheet, Nov. Available online: https:\/\/multimedia.3m.com\/mws\/media\/282041O\/3m-scotch-weld-structural-adhesive-film-af-163-2-af-163-3.pdf&fn=TDS_AF163-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.01.096","article-title":"Reinforcement of CFRP joints with fibre metal laminates and additional adhesive layers","volume":"165","author":"Carbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.04.007","article-title":"Modelling single and double-lap repairs on composite materials","volume":"65","author":"Campilho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998316682309","article-title":"Mode I fracture toughness of CFRP as a function of temperature and strain rate","volume":"51","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.02.013","article-title":"Mode II fracture toughness of CFRP as a function of temperature and strain rate","volume":"114","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"2","article-title":"Experimental and FE study of hybrid laminates aluminium carbon-fibre joints with different lay-up configurations","volume":"7","author":"Carbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manuf. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40563-020-00132-5","article-title":"The influence of epoxy adhesive toughness on the strength of hybrid laminate adhesive joints","volume":"9","author":"Carbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Adhes. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2014). Standard Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding. Standard No. ASTM D5868 01."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/23\/8541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:30:23Z","timestamp":1760146223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/15\/23\/8541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma15238541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15238541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]}}}