{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:57:50Z","timestamp":1775019470175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":414,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020 Clean Sky 2 project AlMAGIC","award":["755515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["755515"]}]},{"name":"H2020 Clean Sky 2 project AlMAGIC","award":["PID2021-124341OB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124341OB-C22"]}]},{"name":"H2020 Clean Sky 2 project AlMAGIC","award":["RYC-2017-21843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2017-21843"]}]},{"name":"ADITIMAT-CM (S2018\/NMT-4411, Regional Government of Madrid and EU Structural and Social Funds)","award":["755515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["755515"]}]},{"name":"ADITIMAT-CM (S2018\/NMT-4411, Regional Government of Madrid and EU Structural and Social Funds)","award":["PID2021-124341OB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-124341OB-C22"]}]},{"name":"ADITIMAT-CM (S2018\/NMT-4411, Regional Government of Madrid and EU Structural and Social Funds)","award":["RYC-2017-21843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2017-21843"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corrosion protection systems based on hexavalent chromium are traditionally perceived to be a panacea for many engineering metals including magnesium alloys. However, bans and strict application regulations attributed to environmental concerns and the carcinogenic nature of hexavalent chromium have driven a considerable amount of effort into developing safer and more environmentally friendly alternative techniques that provide the desired corrosion protection performance for magnesium and its alloys. Part I of this review series considers the various pre-treatment methods as the earliest step involved in the preparation of Mg surfaces for the purpose of further anti-corrosion treatments. The decisive effect of pre-treatment on the corrosion properties of both bare and coated magnesium is discussed. The second section of this review covers the fundamentals and performance of conventional and state-of-the-art conversion coating formulations including phosphate-based, rare-earth-based, vanadate, fluoride-based, and LDH. In addition, the advantages and challenges of each conversion coating formulation are discussed to accommodate the perspectives on their application and future development. Several auspicious corrosion protection performances have been reported as the outcome of extensive ongoing research dedicated to the development of conversion coatings, which can potentially replace hazardous chromium(VI)-based technologies in industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"8676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chromate-Free Corrosion Protection Strategies for Magnesium Alloys\u2014A Review: PART I\u2014Pre-Treatment and Conversion Coating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahram","family":"Vaghefinazari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8064-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Wierzbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Functional Materials and Hydrogen Technology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6388-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AkzoNobel, 2171 AJ Sassenheim, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henkel AG & Co., KGaA, 40589 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Arrabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9929-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endzhe","family":"Matykina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9318-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Mohedano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Blawert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Zheludkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0349-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sviatlana","family":"Lamaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surface Science, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Buchheit, R.G., and Hughes, A.E. 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