{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:43:22Z","timestamp":1773308602688,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most common loading conditions that bonded joints experience in service is repeated impact. Despite the destructive effects of impact fatigue, the behavior of metal-composite bonded joints subjected to repeated impact loads has rarely been studied in the literature. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to pay attention to this phenomenon on the one hand and to find solutions to improve the impact fatigue life of bonded composite metal components on the other hand. Accordingly, in this study, the use of the bi-adhesive technique is proposed to improve the durability of composite-metal single-lap joints (SLJs) under impact fatigue loading conditions. J-N (energy-life) method is also used to analyze the experimental data obtained. Accordingly, in the present study, the impact fatigue behavior of single adhesive metal to composite joints was analyzed experimentally based on the J-N method and also numerically using the finite element method (FEM). By using two adhesives along a single overlap, the impact fatigue life of joints between dissimilar composite and metal joints was also analyzed experimentally. The results show that the double adhesives technique can significantly improve the impact fatigue life of the tested joints. It was also found that the optimum length ratio of the adhesives (the length covered by the ductile adhesive relative to the total overlap size) is a function of the stiffness of the joint and is more pronounced for less stiff bonded joints. A linear elastic numerical analysis was also conducted to evaluate the stress state along the bloodline of the bonded joints. Results show that the compressive peel stress made at the boundary of the two adhesives can be a possible reason behind the different results observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16010419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:08:59Z","timestamp":1672628939000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Impact Fatigue Life of Adhesively Bonded Composite-Steel Joints Enhanced with the Bi-Adhesive Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Akhavan-Safar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ghasem","family":"Eisaabadi Bozchaloei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-1642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Beygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9840-6225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid R.","family":"Ayatollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fatigue and Fracture Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran 16846, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2021.1953479","article-title":"Testing mechanical performance of adhesively bonded composite joints in engineering applications: An overview","volume":"98","author":"Budzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2021.1982706","article-title":"Study of the compressive properties of adhesively bonded carbon fiber laminates at different strain rates","volume":"98","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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