{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:08:43Z","timestamp":1776132523478,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.11466.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11466.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644866475-00000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866475-00000012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644864375-00000002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project Hi-rEV\u2014Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o do Setor de Componentes Autom\u00f3veis","award":["2022.11466.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11466.BD"]}]},{"name":"Project Hi-rEV\u2014Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o do Setor de Componentes Autom\u00f3veis","award":["C644866475-00000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866475-00000012"]}]},{"name":"Project Hi-rEV\u2014Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o do Setor de Componentes Autom\u00f3veis","award":["C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644864375-00000002"]}]},{"name":"AM2R\u2014Agenda Mobilizadora para a inova\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial do setor das Duas Rodas","award":["2022.11466.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11466.BD"]}]},{"name":"AM2R\u2014Agenda Mobilizadora para a inova\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial do setor das Duas Rodas","award":["C644866475-00000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866475-00000012"]}]},{"name":"AM2R\u2014Agenda Mobilizadora para a inova\u00e7\u00e3o empresarial do setor das Duas Rodas","award":["C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644864375-00000002"]}]},{"name":"Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia (PRR), Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa through NextGeneration EU","award":["2022.11466.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.11466.BD"]}]},{"name":"Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia (PRR), Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa through NextGeneration EU","award":["C644866475-00000012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644866475-00000012"]}]},{"name":"Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia (PRR), Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa through NextGeneration EU","award":["C644864375-00000002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644864375-00000002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aluminum is a critical element of the circular economy as it can be recycled several times. Moreover, Al recycling is a more economically and environmentally efficient procedure than the primary Al production from ores. Secondary aluminum alloys are mostly used in casting applications since it is possible to accommodate their chemical composition through secondary manufacturing processes. However, the quality of the alloys may be considerably altered during the different steps of the recycling process. Inadequate waste sorting might result in excessive contamination. Iron is the most dangerous contaminant because it causes brittle and fragile intermetallic phases, which significantly impacts the mechanical characteristics of alloys. In addition, the microstructure of the alloy changes significantly after multiple cycles of remelting. These issues lead to the downcycling of aluminum, i.e., in other words, the reduction in the overall quality of the alloys. Thus, it has been shown that a number of procedures, including ultrasonic melt treatment and microalloying with rare earths, can somewhat alter the shape of the Fe-rich phases in order to reduce the shortcomings of downcycling. However, a solid mechanical characterization is still missing in order to improve the Fe-rich phase alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16030895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1673934002000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Adding Value to Secondary Aluminum Casting Alloys: A Review on Trends and Achievements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8110-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helder","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Emadinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-0562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA\/INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Aluminium, E. (2020). A Strategy for Achieving Aluminium\u2019s Full Potential for Circular Economy by 2030. Circular Aluminium Action Plan, European Aluminium."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Aluminium, E. (2019). European Aluminium\u2019s Contribution to the Eu\u2019s Mid-Century Low-Carbon Roadmap, European Aluminium."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2013.03.004","article-title":"Aluminium recovery during black dross hydrothermal treatment","volume":"1","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.06.068","article-title":"Hazardous aluminum dross characterization and recycling strategies: A critical review","volume":"223","author":"Mahinroosta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2015.07.326","article-title":"Evaluating the Chemical Composition and the Molar Heat Capacities of a white Aluminum Dross","volume":"75","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effect of Remelting on Microstructure of the AlSi9Cu3 Alloy with Higher Iron Content","volume":"18","author":"Matejka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, K., and Kashyap, B.P. (2022). Effects of Remelting on Variations in Composition, Microstructure, and Hardness Property of Binary Al-Si Alloys. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-07323-0"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Green, J.A. (2007). Aluminum Recycling and Processing for Energy Conservation and Sustainability, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Schmitz, C. (2014). Handbook of Aluminium Recycling\u2014Mechanical Preparation\u2014Metallurgical Processing\u2014Heat Treatment, Vulkan Verlag. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8852","DOI":"10.1021\/ie050835o","article-title":"Management of the Salt Cake from Secondary Aluminum Fusion Processes","volume":"44","author":"Gil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"28","article-title":"The discovery, commercialization, and development of the aluminum industry in France","volume":"70","author":"Tabereaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Light Met. Age"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capuzzi, S., and Timelli, G. (2018). Preparation and Melting of Scrap in Aluminum Recycling: A Review. Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8040249"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"40","article-title":"Grave-to-Gate: Automotive Aluminum Recycling at End-of-Life","volume":"75","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Light Met. Age"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vicario, I., Anza, I., Tejada, F., Alonso, J., Galarraga, H., and Merchan, M. (2014, January 19\u201321). Development of New Al-Si9Cu3 Alloys for HPDC Components with Tailored Properties. Proceedings of the 71st World Foundry Congress: Advanced Sustainable Foundry, Bilbao, Spain."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-014-2700-8","article-title":"Secondary Al-Si-Mg High-pressure Die Casting Alloys with Enhanced Ductility","volume":"46","author":"Pogatscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.03.025","article-title":"Alternative fractional crystallization-based methods to produce high-purity aluminum","volume":"12","author":"Curtolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumley, R. (2010). Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857090256"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schmitz, C. (2006). Handbook of Aluminium Recycling, Vulkan-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-004-0176-5","article-title":"Assuring the continued recycling of light metals in end-of-life vehicles: A global perspective","volume":"56","author":"Gesing","year":"2004","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1021\/es405604g","article-title":"Long-Term Strategies for Increased Recycling of Automotive Aluminum and Its Alloying Elements","volume":"48","author":"Modaresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2012.06.006","article-title":"Evolution of aluminum recycling initiated by the introduction of next-generation vehicles and scrap sorting technology","volume":"66","author":"Hatayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.02.046","article-title":"Assessing the efficiency of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) based sorting of post-consumer aluminium scrap","volume":"105","author":"Engelen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-021-00364-1","article-title":"3D Sensing System for Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy-Based Metal Scrap Identification","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X10381413","article-title":"Recycling of aluminium scrap for secondary Al-Si alloys","volume":"29","author":"Velasco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"239","article-title":"Influence of aluminium-alloy remelting on the structure and mechanical properties","volume":"2","author":"Cagala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"25","article-title":"Influence of Remelting AlSi9Cu3 Alloy with Higher Iron Content on Mechanical Properties","volume":"18","author":"Matejka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasi\u0144ska, J., Bolibruchov\u00e1, D., and Matejka, M. (2020). The Influence of Remelting on the Properties of AlSi9Cu3 Alloy with Higher Iron Content. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13030575"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matejka, M., Bolibruchov\u00e1, D., and Podprock\u00e1, R. (2021). The Influence of Returnable Material on Internal Homogeneity of the High-Pressure Die-Cast AlSi9Cu3(Fe) Alloy. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11071084"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasi\u0144ska, J., Matejka, M., Bolibruchov\u00e1, D., Kuri\u0161, M., and \u0160iranec, L. (2021). Effect of Returnable Material in Batch on Hot Tearing Tendency of AlSi9Cu3 Alloy. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071583"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/13640461.2019.1598684","article-title":"End product rejection rate and its correlation with melt treatment in direct-chill casted hot rolling slabs","volume":"32","author":"Yorulmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cast Met. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, M., and Li, Y. (2022). Performance Improvement in Aluminum Alloy Treated by Salt Flux with Different Fluorides. J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-07306-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062087","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/537\/6\/062087","article-title":"Remelting of highly polluted metallic aluminium scrap with ecological refining reagents","volume":"537","author":"Ibragimov","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-016-0745-3","article-title":"Melt Cleanliness Comparison of Chlorine Fluxing and Ar Degassing of Secondary Al-4Cu","volume":"47","author":"Kayikci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H.S., Kang, H.J., Park, J.Y., Choi, Y.S., and Shin, S. (2020). Effects of Casting Conditions for Reduced Pressure Test on Melt Quality of Al-Si Alloy. Metals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/met10111422"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakedano, A., Niklas, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvo, A.I., Plata, G., Lozares, J., and Berlanga-Labari, C. (2021). Comparative Study of the Metallurgical Quality of Primary and Secondary AlSi10MnMg Aluminium Alloys. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11071147"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13289","article-title":"A terminology for downcycling","volume":"26","author":"Helbig","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.3390\/su5114546","article-title":"Tackling the Downcycling Issue\u2014A Revised Approach to Value-Corrected Substitution in Life Cycle Assessment of Aluminum (VCS 2.0)","volume":"5","author":"Koffler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04748-4","article-title":"A solid-state electrolysis process for upcycling aluminium scrap","volume":"606","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.11.019","article-title":"Forecasting global aluminium flows to demonstrate the need for improved sorting and recycling methods","volume":"137","author":"Zaplana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2011.10.010","article-title":"Improving aluminum recycling: A survey of sorting and impurity removal technologies","volume":"58","author":"Gaustad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-014-0900-8","article-title":"Component- and Alloy-Specific Modeling for Evaluating Aluminum Recycling Strategies for Vehicles","volume":"66","author":"Modaresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.07.013","article-title":"Environmental screening of novel technologies to increase material circularity: A case study on aluminium cans","volume":"127","author":"Stotz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-070218-010057","article-title":"Challenges of the Circular Economy: A Material, Metallurgical, and Product Design Perspective","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1021\/es9038769","article-title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of Contamination by Alloying Elements in Aluminum Recycling","volume":"44","author":"Nakajima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"DoITPoMS (2022, November 01). The Ellingham Diagram. Available online: https:\/\/www.doitpoms.ac.uk\/tlplib\/ellingham_diagrams\/ellingham.php."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01160766","article-title":"Intermetallic phases in the aluminium-side corner of the AlFeSi-alloy system","volume":"22","author":"Griger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.073","article-title":"Effect of iron content on the formation of \u03b2-Al5FeSi and porosity in Al\u2013Si eutectic alloys","volume":"209","author":"Moustafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1179\/1743133613Y.0000000098","article-title":"Effect of Mn on Fe containing phase formation in high purity aluminium","volume":"27","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cast Met. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.11.095","article-title":"Effect of iron on the microstructure and mechanical property of Al\u2013Mg\u2013Si\u2013Mn and Al\u2013Mg\u2013Si diecast alloys","volume":"564","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-015-2942-0","article-title":"On the Formation of Sludge Intermetallic Particles in Secondary Aluminum Alloys","volume":"46","author":"Ferraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.12.026","article-title":"The effects of Mn additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al\u2013Si\u2013Cu casting alloys","volume":"488","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-021-02390-5","article-title":"Effect of Microstructure Evolution of Iron-Rich Intermetallic Compounds on Mechanical Property of Al\u20137Si\u20130.3Mg Casting Alloy with Low Iron Content","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8587","DOI":"10.1021\/es300648w","article-title":"The Role of Automobiles for the Future of Aluminum Recycling","volume":"46","author":"Modaresi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"182","article-title":"Iron Reduction in 356 Secondary Aluminum Alloy by Mn and Cr Addition for Sediment Separation","volume":"15","author":"Dhinakar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02760-8","article-title":"Make electric vehicles lighter to maximize climate and safety benefits","volume":"598","author":"Shaffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"ANSYS (2021). GRANTA EduPack, Version 21.1.1, ANSYS Inc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(14)63236-2","article-title":"Effect of cooling rate on solidification parameters and microstructure of Al-7Si-0.3Mg-0.15Fe alloy","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.098","article-title":"Microstructural, microscratch and nanohardness mechanical characterization of secondary commercial HPDC AlSi9Cu3-type alloy","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.163666","article-title":"Revealing the influence of Fe on Fe-rich phases formation and mechanical properties of cast Al-Mg-Mn-Fe alloys","volume":"901","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2000). Alum\u00ednio e ligas de alum\u00ednio: Produtos vazados: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica e caracter\u00edsticas mec\u00e2nicas (Standard No. NP EN 1706 2000)."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santamar\u00eda, J.A., Sertucha, J., Redondo, A., Lizarralde, I., Ochoa de Zabalegui, E., and Rodr\u00edguez, P. (2022). Towards the Prediction of Tensile Properties in Automotive Cast Parts Manufactured by LPDC with the A356.2 Alloy. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12040656"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.08.079","article-title":"The influence of Cr content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) die-casting alloys","volume":"528","author":"Timelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2017.06.043","article-title":"Effect of Si, Cu and processing parameters on Al-Si-Cu HPDC castings","volume":"249","author":"Outmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-018-3478-4","article-title":"Low Solution Temperature Heat Treatment of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) High-Pressure Die-Casting Actual Automotive Components","volume":"27","author":"Cecchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.165378","article-title":"Study of the evolution mechanisms of Fe-rich phases in Al-Si-Fe alloys with Mn modification using synchrotron X-ray imaging","volume":"915","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-4952-y","article-title":"Precipitation of primary Fe-rich compounds in secondary AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloys","volume":"123","author":"Timelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2478\/amm-2014-0118","article-title":"Elimination of Negative Effect of Fe in Secondary Alloys AlSi6Cu4 (En Ac 45 000, A 319) by Nickel","volume":"59","author":"Macko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-4118-z","article-title":"Effects of Mg, Fe, Be additions and solution heat treatment on the \u03c0-AlMgFeSi iron intermetallic phase in Al\u20137Si\u2013Mg alloys","volume":"45","author":"Elsharkawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1777","article-title":"Understanding the Effect of Be Addition on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Al\u2013Si\u2013Mg Cast Alloys","volume":"16","author":"Elsharkawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2018.02.029","article-title":"Effect of cooling rate and Co content on the formation of Fe-rich intermetallics in hypoeutectic Al7Si0.3Mg alloy with 0.5%Fe","volume":"139","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2016.11.022","article-title":"Effect of Cr and Mn addition and heat treatment on AlSi3Mg casting alloy","volume":"123","author":"Tocci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1515\/afe-2015-0002","article-title":"Elimination of Iron Based Particles in Al-Si Alloy","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2014.02.071","article-title":"The role of Cr additions and Fe-rich compounds on microstructural features and impact toughness of AlSi9Cu3(Fe) diecasting alloys","volume":"603","author":"Timelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700161","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201700161","article-title":"Intermetallic Sludge Formation in Fe Containing Secondary Al\u2013Si Alloys Influenced by Cr and Mn as Preparative Tool for Metal Melt Filtration","volume":"19","author":"Dietrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranda, V.A., Figueroa, I.A., Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Garc\u00eda-Hinojosa, J.A., and Lara-Rodr\u00edguez, G.A. (2019). Effect of Small Additions of Cr, Ti, and Mn on the Microstructure and Hardness of Al\u2013Si\u2013Fe\u2013X Alloys. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9020136"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.05.171","article-title":"Solidification behaviour and microstructure of AlSi7Mg cast alloy with addition of Li","volume":"19","author":"Zeka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-019-01584-2","article-title":"Evolution of Fe-Rich Intermetallics in Al-Si-Cu 319 Cast Alloy with Various Fe, Mo, and Mn Contents","volume":"50","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/afe-2015-0046","article-title":"Influence of Nickel Addition on Properties of Secondary AlSi7Mg0.3 Alloy","volume":"15","author":"Caiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Foundry Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-020-05827-9","article-title":"Effects of Zn on Microstructure Modification and Mechanical Properties Improvement of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Alloys","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.163829","article-title":"Synergistic influence of La and Zr on microstructure and mechanical performance of an Al-Si-Mg alloy at casting state","volume":"902","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.05.126","article-title":"Effect of Ce content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze-cast Al\u20135Mg-2.2Si-0.6Mn alloys","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, H., Zhao, J., Cao, J., Luo, L., Guo, S., Ou, L., Liu, Z., and Bai, S. (2021). Effect of Minor Er Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloys. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154212"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wang, B., Li, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, C., Xue, C., Yang, X., Tian, G., Liu, X., and Tang, H. (2022). Quantifying the Effects of Grain Refiners Al-Ti-B and La on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of W319 Alloy. Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12040627"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.10.078","article-title":"Microstructure evolution and enhanced mechanical properties of eutectic Al\u2013Si die cast alloy by combined alloying Mg and La","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"589","article-title":"Effect of Degassing and Grain Refinement on Hot Tearing Tendency in Al8Si3Cu Alloy","volume":"12","author":"Dispinar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Effect of Y Element on Microstructure and Hot Tearing Sensitivity of As-Cast Al\u20134.4Cu\u20131.5Mg\u20130.15Zr Alloy","volume":"16","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.06.039","article-title":"Effect of ultrasonic melt treatment conditions on melt quality of Al\u2013Mg alloy","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2645","article-title":"Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Treatment on Solidification Behavior of Al7SiMg Alloy","volume":"19","author":"Grilo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.153833","article-title":"Microstructural modification of recycled aluminium alloys by high-intensity ultrasonication: Observations from custom Al\u20132Si\u20132Mg\u20131.2Fe\u2013(0.5,1.0)Mn alloys","volume":"823","author":"Kotadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-018-4696-y","article-title":"The Influence of Ultrasonic Cavitation on the Formation of Fe-Rich Intermetallics in A383 Alloy","volume":"49","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-015-5247-3","article-title":"Effects of T6-treatment on the defect susceptibility of tensile strength to microporosity variation in low pressure die-cast A356 alloy","volume":"21","author":"So","year":"2015","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazmiruk, V. (2012). Evolution of Phases in a Recycled Al-Si Cast Alloy During Solution Treatment. Scanning Electron Microscopy, InTech Open.","DOI":"10.5772\/1973"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/3\/895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:15Z","timestamp":1760119695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/3\/895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16030895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16030895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}