{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T14:27:13Z","timestamp":1766759233818,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o (POCI)","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/ECI-EGC\/30452\/2017-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030452","FCT\/MCTES","UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recycled construction and demolition (C&amp;D) wastes have been pointed out as a feasible alternative to traditional backfill materials of geosynthetic-reinforced structures, but the current knowledge about the interface behaviour between these unconventional (recycled) materials and the reinforcement is still limited, particularly as far as the time-dependent response is concerned. In this study, a series of large-scale direct shear tests was conducted using an innovative multistage method to evaluate the influence of shear creep loading on the direct shear response of the interfaces between a fine-grained C&amp;D material and two different geosynthetic reinforcements (high-strength geotextile and geogrid). The peak and large-displacement interface shear strength parameters obtained from tests involving sustained loading were compared with those from conventional interface tests. Test results have shown that the shear creep deformation of the interfaces increased with the magnitude of sustained loading. The test specimens experienced additional vertical contraction during the creep stage, which tended to increase with the applied normal stress. For the recycled C&amp;D material\u2013geotextile interface, the sustained loading induced a reduction in the apparent cohesion and a slight increase in the friction angle, when compared to the values estimated from conventional tests. In turn, for the geogrid interface, the apparent cohesion values increased, whereas the friction angle did not significantly change upon shear creep loading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Sustained Loading on the Direct Shear Behaviour of Recycled C&amp;D Material\u2013Geosynthetic Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1001-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Bessa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-4504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Castorina Silva","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2390-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria de Lurdes","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbrcj.2013.08.007","article-title":"Recycled construction and demolition concrete waste as aggregate for structural concrete","volume":"9","author":"Wagih","year":"2013","journal-title":"HBRC J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Grabiec, A.M., and Ubysz, A. (2022). An experimental study on structural concrete containing recycled aggregates and powder from construction and demolition waste. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15072458"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.105","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of recycled construction and demolition waste for pavements","volume":"25","author":"Leite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Build. 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