{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:21:43Z","timestamp":1769599303495,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effect of through-the-thickness delamination plane position on the R-curve behavior of end-notch-flexure (ENF) specimens was investigated using experimental and numerical procedures. From the experimental point of view, plain-woven E-glass\/epoxy ENF specimens with two different delamination planes, i.e., [012\/\/012] and [017\/\/07], were manufactured by hand lay-up method. Afterward, fracture tests were conducted on the specimens by aiding ASTM standards. The main three parameters of R-curves, including the initiation and propagation of mode II interlaminar fracture toughness and the fracture process zone length, were analyzed. The experimental results revealed that changing the delamination position in ENF specimen has a negligible effect on the initiation and steady steady-state toughness values of delamination. In the numerical part, the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) was used in order to analyze the imitation delamination toughness as well as the contribution of another mode on the obtained delamination toughness. The numerical results indicated that by choosing an appropriate value of cohesive parameters, the trilinear cohesive zone model (CZM) is capable of predicting the initiation as well as propagation of the ENF specimens. Finally, the damage mechanisms at the delaminated interface were investigated with microscopic images taken using a scanning electron microscope.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of Through-the-Thickness Delamination Position on the R-Curve Behavior of Plain-Woven ENF Specimens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mazaher","family":"Salamat-Talab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-41167, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7168-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Akhavan-Safar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3111-2323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Zeinolabedin-Beygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak 38181-41167, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108675","article-title":"Effect of Cyclic Aging on Mode I Fracture Energy of Dissimilar Metal\/Composite DCB Adhesive Joints","volume":"271","author":"Moazzami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. 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