{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:46:26Z","timestamp":1778035586044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00100\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50022\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zirconia-based materials are widely used in dentistry due to their biocompatibility and suitable mechanical and tribological behavior. Although commonly processed by subtractive manufacturing (SM), alternative techniques are being explored to reduce material waste, energy consumption and production time. 3D printing has received increasing interest for this purpose. This systematic review intends to gather information on the state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) of zirconia-based materials for dental applications. As far as the authors know, this is the first time that a comparative analysis of these materials\u2019 properties has been performed. It was performed following the PRISMA guidelines and using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to select studies that met the defined criteria without restrictions on publication year. Stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) were the techniques most focused on in the literature and the ones that led to most promising outcomes. However, other techniques, such as robocasting (RC) and material jetting (MJ), have also led to good results. In all cases, the main concerns are centered on dimensional accuracy, resolution, and insufficient mechanical strength of the pieces. Despite the struggles inherent to the different 3D printing techniques, the commitment to adapt materials, procedures and workflows to these digital technologies is remarkable. Overall, the research on this topic can be seen as a disruptive technological progress with a wide range of application possibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"1860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Recent Advances on 3D-Printed Zirconia-Based Dental Materials: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Branco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5529-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio","family":"Cola\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lio Gabriel","family":"Figueiredo-Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento de Produto e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Set\u00fabal, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Serro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural (CQE), Departamento de Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universit\u00e1rio Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.01.006","article-title":"Suitability of 3D printed pieces of nanocrystalline zirconia for dental applications","volume":"36","author":"Branco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, A.C., Cola\u00e7o, R., Figueiredo-Pina, C.G., and Serro, A.P. (2020). A state-of-the-art review on the wear of the occlusal surfaces of natural teeth and prosthetic crowns. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13163525"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12272","article-title":"In vitro wear of four ceramic materials and human enamel on enamel antagonist","volume":"124","author":"Nakashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2012.10.016","article-title":"Effect of feldspar porcelain coating upon the wear behavior of zirconia dental crowns","volume":"297","author":"Monteiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.021","article-title":"Friction and wear behaviors of dental ceramics against natural tooth enamel","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S231070","article-title":"A systematic review of screw versus cement-retained fixed implant supported reconstructions","volume":"12","author":"Hamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(97)70203-8","article-title":"Cement-retained versus screw-retained implant restorations: Achieving optimal occlusion and esthetics in implant dentistry","volume":"77","author":"Hebel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.08.002","article-title":"In-vitro fatigue and fracture performance of three different ferrulized implant connections used in fixed prosthesis","volume":"16","author":"Cosola","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2014.12.007","article-title":"Crystallization toughening of a model glass-ceramic","volume":"86","author":"Serbena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, L., Engqvist, H., and Xia, W. (2020). Glass-Ceramics in Dentistry: A Review. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051049"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.05.195","article-title":"On the mechanical properties and microstructure of zirconia-reinforced feldspar-based porcelain","volume":"42","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.03.013","article-title":"Mechanical properties of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic","volume":"32","author":"Elsaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, J., Rueda, A., and Henao, E.A.O. (2020). Improving the mechanical properties of commercial feldspathic dental porcelain by addition of Alumina-Zirconia. Rev. Fac. Ing., 67\u201376.","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.redin.n91a11"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.07.019","article-title":"Tribological behavior of zirconia-reinforced glass\u2013ceramic composites in artificial saliva","volume":"103","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2016.05.047","article-title":"Tribological behaviour of glass-ceramics reinforced by Yttria Stabilized Zirconia","volume":"102","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.10.247","article-title":"Wear of zirconia\/leucite glass-ceramics composites: A chewing simulator study","volume":"48","author":"Branco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411991534843","article-title":"A review of metallic, ceramic and surface-treated metals used for bearing surfaces in human joint replacements","volume":"213","author":"Dearnley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.01.023","article-title":"Enhanced reliability of yttria-stabilized zirconia for dental applications","volume":"17","author":"Camposilvan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3010351","article-title":"Ceramics for Dental Applications: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Denry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00010-6","article-title":"Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial","volume":"20","author":"Piconi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.05.007","article-title":"State of the art of zirconia for dental applications","volume":"24","author":"Denry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e279","article-title":"Role of coefficient of thermal expansion on bond strength of ceramic veneered yttrium-stabilized zirconia","volume":"10","author":"Juntavee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Pinhata-Baptista, O.H., Ayres, A.P., da Silva, R.L.B., Lima, J.F., Urbano, G.S., No-Cortes, J., Vasques, M.T., and Cortes, A.R.G. (2022). Comparison among 3D-Printing Technologies to Produce Dental Models. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12178425"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.02.026","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of ceramics for dental applications: A review","volume":"35","author":"Galante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abualsaud, R., and Alalawi, H. (2022). Fit, Precision, and Trueness of 3D-Printed Zirconia Crowns compared to Milled Counterparts. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10110215"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics3010008","article-title":"The influence of printing parameters, post-processing, and testing conditions on the properties of binder jetting additive manufactured functional ceramics","volume":"3","author":"Chavez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanlar, L.N., Rios, A.S., Tahmaseb, A., and Zandinejad, A. (2021). Additive manufacturing of zirconia ceramic and its application in clinical dentistry: A review. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9090104"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.131","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of zirconia ceramics: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"27","article-title":"Additive manufacturing technologies for processing zirconia in dental applications","volume":"23","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-021-4674-1","article-title":"Indirect 3D printed ceramic: A literature review","volume":"28","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2019.05.008","article-title":"Digital light processing (DLP)3D-printing technology and photoreactive polymers in fabrication of modified-release tablets","volume":"135","author":"Kadry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinargote, N., Smirnov, A., Peretyagin, N., Seleznev, A., and Peretyagin, P. (2020). Direct ink writing technology (3d printing) of graphene-based ceramic nanocomposites: A review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071300"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhao, M., Bosiakov, S., and Li, L. (2022). A Critical Review of Additive Manufacturing Techniques and Associated Biomaterials Used in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102117"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.01.019","article-title":"Flexural strength and Weibull characteristics of stereolithography additive manufactured versus milled zirconia","volume":"125","author":"Husain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13482","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Flexural Strength Discrepancies Between Milled and Lithography-Based Additively Manufactured Zirconia","volume":"31","author":"Husain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zandinejad, A., Revilla-Le\u00f3n, M., Methani, M.M., Khanlar, L.N., and Morton, D. (2021). The fracture resistance of additively manufactured monolithic zirconia vs. Bi-layered alumina toughened zirconia crowns when cemented to zirconia abutments. Evaluating the potential of 3d printing of ceramic crowns: An in vitro study. Dent. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9100115"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13430","article-title":"The Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus of Stereolithography Additively Manufactured Zirconia with Different Porosities","volume":"31","author":"Zandinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-014-0608-2","article-title":"Development of mask-less projection slurry stereolithography for the fabrication of zirconia dental coping","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2014.984208","article-title":"Development of a three-dimensional slurry printing system using dynamic mask projection for fabricating zirconia dental implants","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.08.018","article-title":"3D-printing zirconia implants; a dream or a reality? An in-vitro study evaluating the dimensional accuracy, surface topography and mechanical properties of printed zirconia implant and discs","volume":"75","author":"Osman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.02.001","article-title":"Effect of the volume fraction of zirconia suspensions on the microstructure and physical properties of products produced by additive manufacturing","volume":"35","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.13441","article-title":"Fabrication of zirconia all-ceramic crown via DLP-based stereolithography","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-019-03432-9","article-title":"Preparation of alumina-toughened zirconia via 3D printing and liquid precursor infiltration: Manipulation of the microstructure, the mechanical properties and the low temperature aging behavior","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.06.111","article-title":"Accurate printing of a zirconia molar crown bridge using three-part auxiliary supports and ceramic mask projection stereolithography","volume":"45","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-03-2018-0053","article-title":"A comparison of the marginal fit and mechanical properties of a zirconia dental crown using CAM and 3DSP","volume":"25","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"101450","article-title":"Vat polymerization-printed partially stabilized zirconia: Mechanical properties, reliability and structural defects","volume":"36","author":"Marsico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.07.321","article-title":"Digital light processing of zirconia prostheses with high strength and translucency for dental applications","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.058","article-title":"Flexural strength and Weibull analysis of Y-TZP fabricated by stereolithographic additive manufacturing and subtractive manufacturing","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103792","article-title":"Trueness and precision of 3D-printed versus milled monolithic zirconia crowns: An in vitro study","volume":"113","author":"Lerner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.01.204","article-title":"Designing alumina-zirconia composites by DLP-based stereolithography: Microstructural tailoring and mechanical performances","volume":"47","author":"Coppola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"6612840","article-title":"Determination of Hardness and Fracture Toughness of Y-TZP Manufactured by Digital Light Processing through the Indentation Technique","volume":"2021","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.08.221","article-title":"Investigation on 3D printing ZrO2 implant abutment and its fatigue performance simulation","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_21_00240","article-title":"Physical and biological implications of accelerated aging on stereolithographic additive-manufactured zirconia for dental implant abutment","volume":"66","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, J.-M., Jeong, C.-S., Lee, H.-J., Bae, J.-M., Choi, E.-J., Kim, S.-T., Park, Y.-B., and Oh, S.-H. (2022). A Comparative Study of Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing Techniques for a Zirconia Dental Product: An Analysis of the Manufacturing Accuracy and the Bond Strength of Porcelain to Zirconia. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155398"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.03.057","article-title":"Crown fit and dimensional accuracy of zirconia fixed crowns based on the digital light processing technology","volume":"48","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.01.024","article-title":"Digital light processing stereolithography of zirconia ceramics: Slurry elaboration and orientation-reliant mechanical properties","volume":"42","author":"Coppola","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2021.103886","article-title":"Lithography-based Ceramic Manufacturing (LCM) versus Milled Zirconia Blocks under uniaxial compressive loading: An in vitro comparative study","volume":"116","author":"Gatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J.-G., Kang, J.-H., Joe, K.-B., Sakthiabirami, K., Jang, K.-J., Jun, M.-J., Oh, G.-J., Park, C., and Park, S.-W. (2022). Evaluation of Physical Properties of Zirconia Suspension with Added Silane Coupling Agent for Additive Manufacturing Processes. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041337"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-09-2016-0144","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of ZrO2 ceramic dental bridges by stereolithography","volume":"24","author":"Lian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/17436753.2018.1447834","article-title":"Dental ceramic prostheses by stereolithography-based additive manufacturing: Potentials and challenges","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2018.04.012","article-title":"Trueness analysis of zirconia crowns fabricated with 3-dimensional printing","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.11607\/ijp.6262","article-title":"Strength and Adaptation of Stereolithography-Fabricated Zirconia Dental Crowns: An In Vitro Study","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakai, H., Inokoshi, M., Nozaki, K., Komatsu, K., Kamijo, S., Liu, H., Shimizubata, M., Minakuchi, S., Van Meerbeek, B., and Vleugels, J. (2021). Additively manufactured zirconia for dental applications. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133694"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.07.044","article-title":"Dental zirconia fabricated by stereolithography: Accuracy, translucency and mechanical properties in different build orientations","volume":"47","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104255","article-title":"Performance of stereolithography and milling in fabricating monolithic zirconia crowns with different finish line designs","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"102055","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of ZrO2-Al2O3 bioceramics by stereolithography technology for dental restorations","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2010.00623.x","article-title":"Additive CAD\/CAM process for dental prostheses","volume":"20","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.06.015","article-title":"Development of free binder zirconia-based pastes for the production of dental pieces by robocasting","volume":"57","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.10.245","article-title":"Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia ceramics","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103900","article-title":"Tribological performance of the pair human teeth vs 3D printed zirconia: An in vitro chewing simulation study","volume":"110","author":"Branco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132785","article-title":"Development of translucent zirconia by robocasting","volume":"325","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.006","article-title":"Potentials of the \u201c Direct inkjet printing\u201d method for manufacturing 3Y-TZP based dental restorations","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.127131","article-title":"3D inkjet printing of the zirconia ceramic implanted teeth","volume":"261","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-05829-2","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of high loading concentration zirconia using high-speed drop-on-demand material jetting","volume":"109","author":"Fayazfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.04.018","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of zirconia ceramics by material jetting","volume":"41","author":"Willems","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, Z., and Sun, J. (2021). Research on the low-temperature degradation of dental zirconia ceramics fabricated by stereolithography. J. Prosthet. Dent.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.11.012"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2022.14.2.122","article-title":"Evaluation of intaglio surface trueness, wear, and fracture resistance of zirconia crown under simulated mastication: A comparative analysis between subtractive and additive manufacturing","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.06.026","article-title":"Accuracy of additively manufactured zirconia four-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated by stereolithography, digital light processing and material jetting compared with subtractive manufacturing","volume":"38","author":"Willems","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/17436753.2017.1336365","article-title":"Fatigue behaviours of the zirconia dental restorations prepared by two manufacturing methods","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.04.004","article-title":"3D printing in dentistry\u2014Exploring the new horizons","volume":"16","author":"Turkyilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsolakis, I.A., Papaioannou, W., Papadopoulou, E., Dalampira, M., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2022). Comparison in Terms of Accuracy between DLP and LCD Printing Technology for Dental Model Printing. Dent. J., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10100181"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPOR_2019_579","article-title":"Accuracy evaluation of complete-arch models manufactured by three different 3D printing technologies: A three-dimensional analysis","volume":"65","author":"Emir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaukat, U., Rossegger, E., and Schl\u00f6gl, S. (2022). A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122449"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahati, D., Bricha, M., and El Mabrouk, K. (2022). Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Technology for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. Adv. Eng. Mater.","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200859"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.-H., Sakthiabirami, K., Kim, H.-A., Toopghara, S.A.H., Jun, M.-J., Lim, H.-P., Park, C., Yun, K.-D., and Park, S.-W. (2022). Effects of UV Absorber on Zirconia Fabricated with Digital Light Processing Additive Manufacturing. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15248726"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komissarenko, D.A., Sokolov, P.S., Evstigneeva, A.D., Shmeleva, I.A., and Dosovitsky, A.E. (2018). Rheological and curing behavior of acrylate-based suspensions for the DLP 3D printing of complex zirconia parts. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122350"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109102","article-title":"3D printing for polymer\/particle-based processing: A review","volume":"223","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Xu, W., Jambhulkar, S., Zhu, Y., Ravichandran, D., Kakarla, M., Vernon, B., Lott, D.G., Cornella, J.L., Shefi, O., and Miquelard-Garnier, G. (2022). The 3D Printing Behavior of Photocurable Ceramic\/Polymer Composite Slurries Prepared with Different Particle Sizes. Nanomaterials, 12."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2017.09.004","article-title":"Fabrication and characterisation of ceramics via low-cost DLP 3D printing","volume":"57","author":"Varghese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29583","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA05432K","article-title":"A cross-linking strategy with moderated pre-polymerization of resin for stereolithography","volume":"8","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2147\/CCIDE.S196297","article-title":"Flexural strength of various types of computerized machinable ceramic veneered to yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ceramic upon different hybridized techniques","volume":"11","author":"Tangsatchatham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2019.09.002","article-title":"Strength and aging resistance of monolithic zirconia: An update to current knowledge","volume":"56","author":"Kontonasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.122879","article-title":"Polyimide aerogel with controlled porosity: Solvent-induced synergistic pore development during solvent exchange process","volume":"205","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-022-00108-6","article-title":"A comparison of trueness and precision of 12 3D printers used in dentistry","volume":"8","author":"Nulty","year":"2022","journal-title":"BDJ Open"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/5\/1860\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:12Z","timestamp":1760121672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/5\/1860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16051860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16051860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}