{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:33:27Z","timestamp":1777325607074,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXPL\/ECI-EGC\/0288\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three industrial aluminosilicate wastes were studied as precursors to produce alkali-activated concrete: (i) electric arc furnace slag, (ii) municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes, and (iii) waste glass rejects. These were characterized via X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, laser particle size distribution, thermogravimetric, and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. Distinctive combinations of anhydrous sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution were tried by varying the Na2O\/binder ratio (8%, 10%, 12%, 14%) and SiO2\/Na2O ratio (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) to find the optimum solution for maximized mechanical performance. Specimens were produced and subjected to a three-step curing process: (1) 24 h thermal curing (70 \u00b0C), (2) followed by 21 days of dry curing in a climatic chamber (~21 \u00b0C, 65% RH), and (3) ending with a 7-day carbonation curing stage (5 \u00b1 0.2% CO2; 65 \u00b1 10% RH). Compressive and flexural strength tests were performed, to ascertain the mix with the best mechanical performance. The precursors showed reasonable bonding capabilities, thus suggesting some reactivity when alkali-activated due to the presence of amorphous phases. Mixes with slag and glass showed compressive strengths of almost 40 MPa. Most mixes required a higher Na2O\/binder ratio for maximized performance, even though, contrary to expectations, the opposite was observed for the SiO2\/Na2O ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16051923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:04:11Z","timestamp":1677463451000},"page":"1923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Optimising the Performance of CO2-Cured Alkali-Activated Aluminosilicate Industrial By-Products as Precursors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghandy","family":"Lamaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9745-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Suescum-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Ingenier\u00eda de la Construcci\u00f3n, Edificio Leonardo da Vinci, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Campus de Rabanales, E-14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio P. C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2276-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Vasco","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"de Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georresources Department, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mindess, S., Young, J.F., and Darwin, D. (2003). Concrete, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nobis, R. (2021). Illustrated History of Cement and Concrete: The Exciting Development of Two Outstanding Building Materials, Rainer Nobis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey (2019). Cement Production Worldwide from 1995 to 2020, USGS\u2014Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEA (2022, November 15). 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