{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T07:25:13Z","timestamp":1772954713834,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04436\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00285\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental decay still presents a major health problem among children. Its treatment usually requires the use of stainless steel crowns. This study compares the wear behavior of 316 L stainless steel and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite under identical test conditions. The wear tests were conducted in a reciprocating ball-on-plate tribometer (Plint TE67\/R) using alumina balls as a counterface and artificial saliva as a lubricant at 37 \u00b0C to faithfully mimic oral conditions. The coefficient of friction (COF) and specific wear rate (k) values were determined and SEM\/EDS examinations were performed to identify the predominant wear mechanisms. Results showed that PEEK exhibited a significantly lower coefficient of friction (COF = 0.094 \u00b1 0.004) and thus lower wear volume (\u0394V = 0.0078 \u00b1 0.0125 mm3) and higher wear resistance, with an average value of specific wear rate of k = 9.07 \u00d7 10\u22126 mm3N\u22121m\u22121 when compared to stainless steel (COF = 0.32 \u00b1 0.03, \u0394V = 0.0125 \u00b1 0.0029 mm3, k = 1.45 \u00d7 10\u22125 mm3N\u22121m\u22121). PEEK was revealed to be a potential material for use in pediatric crowns due to its high wear resistance while overcoming the disadvantages associated with steel at both an aesthetic and biological level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:09:37Z","timestamp":1679281777000},"page":"2420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tribological Behavior of TiO2 PEEK Composite and Stainless Steel for Pediatric Crowns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4824-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Arieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems\u2014CMEMS, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems\u2014CMEMS, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems\u2014CMEMS, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems\u2014CMEMS, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2009.00514.x","article-title":"PUFA\u2014An index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries","volume":"38","author":"Monse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, January 02). Oral health. World Heal Organ 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/oral-health."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, January 02). Oral Health Survey of 5-Year-Old Children 2019. GOVUK 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/oral-health-survey-of-5-year-old-children-2019."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.107257","article-title":"Early childhood caries update: A review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments","volume":"4","author":"Dalli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grund, K., Goddon, I., Sch\u00fcler, I.M., Lehmann, T., and Heinrich-Weltzien, R. (2015). Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5- and 8-year-olds. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0121-8"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sztyler, K., Wiglusz, R.J., and Dobrzynski, M. (2022). Review on Preformed Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry\u2014The. Materials (Basel), 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062081"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.20-0083","article-title":"Biological responses to pediatric stainless steel crowns","volume":"62","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"41","article-title":"Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry","volume":"4","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"127","article-title":"Utilization of Stainless Steel Crowns by Pediatric Dentists and General Dentists","volume":"41","author":"Shelton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.August.29.1","article-title":"Genotoxicity in oral epithelial cells in children caused by nickel in metal crowns","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326124","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/326124","article-title":"Absorption of nickel, chromium, and iron by the root surface of primary molars covered with stainless steel crowns","volume":"2010","author":"Keinan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)81760-3","article-title":"Biodegradation of orthodontic appliances. Part II. Changes in the blood level of nickel","volume":"103","author":"Bishara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzanbaqi, S.D., Alogaiel, R.M., Alasmari, M.A., Al Essa, A.M., Khogeer, L.N., Alanazi, B.S., Hawsah, E.S., Shaikh, A.M., and Ibrahim, M.S. (2022). Zirconia Crowns for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052838"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.32598\/jpr.9.2.870.2","article-title":"Nickel Sensitivity in Children Due to Using Stainless Steel Crowns: A Narrative Review","volume":"9","author":"Nasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siewert, B., Plaza-Castro, M., Sereno, N., and Jarman-Smith, M. (2019). Applications of PEEK in the Dental Field, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812524-3.00020-X"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"137","article-title":"PEEK polymer in orthodontics: A scoping review","volume":"23","author":"Paglia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"113","article-title":"PEEK High Performance Polymers: A Review of Properties and Clinical Applications in Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry","volume":"27","author":"Damanaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00210","article-title":"Nano-TiO2 Reinforced PEEK\/PEI Blends as Biomaterials for Load-Bearing Implant Applications","volume":"7","author":"Ana","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2017.09.002","article-title":"Tribology International Effect of nano-sized TiO 2 addition on tribological behaviour of poly ether ether ketone composite","volume":"117","author":"Kurdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2020.100140","article-title":"Tribological Characterization of Dental Restorative Materials","volume":"23","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotribology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2016.09.009","article-title":"Effects of poly-ether-ether ketone (PEEK) veneer thickness on the reciprocating friction and wear behavior of PEEK\/Ti6Al4V structures in artificial saliva","volume":"368\u2013369","author":"Sampaio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60262-0","article-title":"Wear resistance of nanofilled composite resin and feldspathic ceramic artificial teeth","volume":"100","author":"Ghazal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.07.070","article-title":"Investigation of Fe3Al-based PVD\/HVOF duplex coatings to protect stainless steel from sliding wear against alumina","volume":"350","author":"Pougoum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1108\/00368790310470903","article-title":"Comparative study of wear mechanism of surface treated AISI 316L stainless steel","volume":"55","author":"Dogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind. Lubr. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/21.3.249","article-title":"Intra-oral temperature variation over 24 hours","volume":"21","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"781","article-title":"An effect of two commercially availabledentrifices on nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic archwires: An In-Vitro Study","volume":"7","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crit. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.118317","article-title":"Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker","volume":"17","author":"Baliga","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2005.09.025","article-title":"Friction and wear behavior of human teeth under various wear conditions","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.09.010","article-title":"Tribocorrosion behavior of veneering biomedical PEEK to Ti6Al4V structures","volume":"54","author":"Sampaio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.05.032","article-title":"Dry sliding and tribocorrosion behaviour of hot pressed CoCrMo biomedical alloy as compared with the cast CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V alloys","volume":"52","author":"Doni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-004-2766-3","article-title":"On the effect of counterface material and aqueous environment on the sliding wear of various PEEK compounds","volume":"18","author":"Jacobs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8784","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-06928-9","article-title":"Wear, Corrosion, and Biocompatibility of 316L Stainless Steel Modified by Well-Adhered Ta Coatings","volume":"31","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f3is, A., Evaristo, M., Santos, A.C., and Louro, C.S. (2021). Salivary ph effect on orthodontic appliances: In vitro study of the SS\/DLC system. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11111302"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-021-0509-1","article-title":"Tribological behavior comparisons of high chromium stainless and mild steels against high-speed steel and ceramics at high temperatures","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"VOCO (2023, January 06). Voco Bifix Hybrid Abutment\u2014Instructions for Use n.d. Available online: https:\/\/www.voco.dental\/pt\/portaldata\/1\/resources\/products\/instructions-for-use\/e1\/bifix-hybrid-abutment_ifu_e1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2019-0003","article-title":"The Role of Polyether Ether Ketone (Peek) in Dentistry\u2014A Review","volume":"12","author":"Bathala","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2010.11.027","article-title":"In vitro study on the wear behaviour of human tooth enamel in citric acid solution","volume":"271","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotri.2020.100116","article-title":"Wear behavior of dental glass-ceramics: A scoping review on the damage of opposing tooth enamel surfaces","volume":"21","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotribology"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/6\/2420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:58Z","timestamp":1760122678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/6\/2420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16062420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16062420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}