{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:56:32Z","timestamp":1770746192153,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/EMS\/0615\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/EMS\/0615\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber reinforced composites are widely used in the production of parts for load bearing structures. It is generally recognized that composites can be affected both by monotonic and cyclic loading. For assembly purposes, drilling is needed, but holes can act as stress concentration notches, leading to damage propagation and failure. In this work, a batch of carbon\/epoxy plates is drilled by different drill geometries, while thrust force is monitored and the hole\u2019s surrounding region is inspected. Based on radiographic images, the area and other features of the damaged region are computed for damage assessment. Finally, the specimens are subjected to Bearing Fatigue tests. Cyclic loading causes ovality of the holes and the loss of nearly 10% of the bearing net strength. These results can help to establish an association between the damaged region and the material\u2019s fatigue resistance, as larger damage extension and deformation by cyclic stress contribute to the loss of load carrying capacity of parts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1679978235000},"page":"2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Damage Propagation by Cyclic Loading in Drilled Carbon\/Epoxy Plates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M. P.","family":"Dur\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-188X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o E.","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno C.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISVOUGA, Instituto Superior de Entre Douro e Vouga, 4520-181 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal"},{"name":"INEGI Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEGI Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FEUP Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8076-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C. F.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEP, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aerospace (LAETA-INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnaraj, V., Zitoune, R., and Davim, J.P. (2013). Drilling of Polymer-Matrix Composites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38345-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2005.02.004","article-title":"Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction","volume":"41","author":"Soutis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bhagwan, D., Agarwal, B.D., Broutman, L.J., and Chandrashekhara, K. (2017). Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites, Wiley. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0320112020","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/971\/3\/032011","article-title":"A review of carbon fiber materials in automotive industry","volume":"971","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreejith, M., and Rajeev, R. (2021). Fiber Reinforced Composites for Aerospace and Sports Applications, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821090-1.00023-5"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"173","article-title":"Optimization of Drilling Parameters in Composite Sandwich Structures (PVC Core)","volume":"2","author":"Ghabezi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1056789519860573","article-title":"Defect evaluation of the honeycomb structures formed during the drilling process","volume":"29","author":"Ghabezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Damage Mech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01013","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201711201013","article-title":"Investigation on hole quality of cutting conditions in drilling of CFRP composite","volume":"112","author":"Yasar","year":"2017","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1108\/PRT-10-2016-0097","article-title":"Experimental investigation and analysis of factors influencing delamination and thrust force during drilling of carbon-fibre reinforced polymer composites","volume":"46","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pigment. Resin Technol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.09.100","article-title":"Experimental study of drilling behaviors and damage issues for woven GFRP composites using special drills","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.02.099","article-title":"Delamination formation, evaluation and suppression during drilling of composite laminates: A review","volume":"216","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Cheng, Q. (2012). Fiber Reinforced Composites, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, P.K. (1997). Composites Engineering Handbook, Marcel Dekker.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482277739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02328695","article-title":"Investigation of stresses in the orthogonal cutting of fiber-reinforced plastics","volume":"36","author":"Wern","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.039","article-title":"The path towards delamination free drilling of composite materials","volume":"167","author":"Hocheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1448317","article-title":"Chisel Edge and Pilot Hole Effects in Drilling Composite Laminates","volume":"124","author":"Won","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2899580","article-title":"Delamination During Drilling in Composite Laminates","volume":"112","author":"Hocheng","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Eng. Ind."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(03)00749-0","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of delamination in drilling of composite materials with various drill bits","volume":"140","author":"Hocheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"706","article-title":"Drilling of Fibre Reinforced Plastic Laminates","volume":"587\u2013588","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2009.10.035","article-title":"Drilling tool geometry evaluation for reinforced composite laminates","volume":"92","author":"Tavares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.01.025","article-title":"Delamination analysis of carbon fibre reinforced laminates: Evaluation of a special step drill","volume":"69","author":"Marques","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmachtools.2007.05.008","article-title":"Effect of pilot hole on thrust force by saw drill","volume":"47","author":"Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(96)00106-6","article-title":"Effects of hole machining defects on strength and fatigue life of composite laminates","volume":"28","author":"Persson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/105678959900800404","article-title":"Damage mechanics and fatigue life assessment of composite materials","volume":"8","author":"Talreja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Damage Mech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altenbach, H., and Becker, W. (2003). Modern Trends in Composite Laminates Mechanics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-2544-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.05.033","article-title":"Damage development in open-hole composite specimens in fatigue. Part 1: Experimental investigation","volume":"106","author":"Hallett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.05.019","article-title":"Damage development in open-hole composite specimens in fatigue. Part 2: Numerical modelling","volume":"106","author":"Hallett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct. Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2014.11.013","article-title":"An investigation into the damage development and residual strengths of open-hole specimens in fatigue","volume":"69","author":"Hallett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Fatigue of laminated composite structures with stress concentrations","volume":"65","author":"Hochard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.07.004","article-title":"Effect of notch on static and fatigue performance of multilayered composite structures under tensile loads","volume":"178","author":"Muc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-020-02719-2","article-title":"Influence of hole quality on fatigue life of drilled CFRP with the different ply orientation angle","volume":"43","author":"Yenigun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2017.05.025","article-title":"Analysis of the fatigue behaviour of laminated composite holes subjected to pin-bearing loads","volume":"103","author":"Bois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2021.108208","article-title":"Effect of fiber hybrid mode on the tension\u2013tension fatigue performance for the pultruded carbon\/glass fiber reinforced polymer composite rod","volume":"260","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2012.03.004","article-title":"A finite fracture mechanics model for the prediction of the open-hole strength of composite laminates","volume":"43","author":"Camanho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.05.017","article-title":"Progressive failure analysis on scaled open-hole tensile composite laminates","volume":"150","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubert Debski, H., Samborski, S., Rozylo, P., and Wysmulski, P. (2020). Stability and Load-Carrying Capacity of Thin-Walled FRP Composite Z-Profiles under Eccentric Compression. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13132956"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.116446","article-title":"Non-linear analysis of the postbuckling behaviour of eccentrically compressed composite channel-section columns","volume":"305","author":"Wysmulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019). Standard Practice for Bearing Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates (Standard No. ASTM D6873-19)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Comparative analysis of drills for composite laminates","volume":"46","author":"Tavares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.3390\/ma7053802","article-title":"Drilling Damage in Composite Material","volume":"7","author":"Tavares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, September 24). Composite Materials Italy. Available online: https:\/\/www.composite-materials.it\/pagina.php?cod=1."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998309351244","article-title":"Evaluation of delamination damages on composite plates from radiographic image processing using an artificial neural network","volume":"44","author":"Tavares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analyzing objects in images for estimating the delamination influence on load carrying capacity of composite laminates","volume":"7","author":"Tavares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett. Comput. Vis. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705715575094","article-title":"Hole making in natural fiber-reinforced polylactic acid laminates: An experimental investigation","volume":"30","author":"Bajpai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.08.020","article-title":"Damage assessment of fibre reinforced laminates","volume":"133","author":"Panzera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Compo-Site Laminates (Standard No. ASTM D5961-17)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/7\/2688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:04:47Z","timestamp":1760123087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/7\/2688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16072688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16072688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}