{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:16:36Z","timestamp":1778620596072,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides an overview of various materials used in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgeries to replace or repair bone defects. The choice of material depends on factors such as tissue viability, size, shape, and defect volume. While small bone defects can regenerate naturally, extensive defects or loss or pathological fractures require surgical intervention and the use of substitute bones. Autologous bone, taken from the patient\u2019s own body, is the gold standard for bone grafting but has drawbacks such as uncertain prognosis, surgery at the donor site, and limited availability. Other alternatives for medium and small-sized defects include allografts (from human donors), xenografts (from animals), and synthetic materials with osteoconductive properties. Allografts are carefully selected and processed human bone materials, while xenografts are derived from animals and possess similar chemical composition to human bone. Synthetic materials such as ceramics and bioactive glasses are used for small defects but may lack osteoinductivity and moldability. Calcium-phosphate-based ceramics, particularly hydroxyapatite, are extensively studied and commonly used due to their compositional similarity to natural bone. Additional components, such as growth factors, autogenous bone, and therapeutic elements, can be incorporated into synthetic or xenogeneic scaffolds to enhance their osteogenic properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of grafting materials in dentistry, discussing their properties, advantages, and disadvantages. It also highlights the challenges of analyzing in vivo and clinical studies to select the most suitable option for specific situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1685585565000},"page":"4117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":201,"title":["Bone Grafts in Dental Medicine: An Overview of Autografts, Allografts and Synthetic Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0274-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Metal\u00fargica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.06.014","article-title":"Malfunction of bone marrow-derived osteoclasts and the delay of bone fracture healing in diabetic mice","volume":"47","author":"Kasahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-9-18","article-title":"Bone regenerative medicine: Classic options, novel strategies, and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Oryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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