{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:23:52Z","timestamp":1777037032395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01073676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01073676"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The additive manufacturing of concrete, also known as 3D-printed concrete, is produced layer by layer using a 3D printer. The three-dimensional printing of concrete offers several benefits compared to conventional concrete construction, such as reduced labor costs and wastage of materials. It can also be used to build complex structures with high precision and accuracy. However, optimizing the mix design of 3D-printed concrete is challenging, involving numerous factors and extensive hit-and-trail experimentation. This study addresses this issue by developing predictive models, such as the Gaussian Process Regression model, Decision Tree Regression model, Support Vector Machine model, and XGBoost Regression models. The input parameters were water (Kg\/m3), cement (Kg\/m3), silica fume (Kg\/m3), fly ash (Kg\/m3), coarse aggregate (Kg\/m3 &amp; mm for diameter), fine aggregate (Kg\/m3 &amp; mm for diameter), viscosity modifying agent (Kg\/m3), fibers (Kg\/m3), fiber properties (mm for diameter and MPa for strength), print speed (mm\/sec), and nozzle area (mm2), while target properties were the flexural and tensile strength of concrete (MPa data from 25 literature studies were collected. The water\/binder ratio used in the dataset ranged from 0.27 to 0.67. Different types of sands and fibers have been used, with fibers having a maximum length of 23 mm. Based upon the Coefficient of Determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) for casted and printed concrete, the SVM model performed better than other models. All models\u2019 cast and printed flexural strength values were also correlated. The model\u2019s performance has also been checked on six different mix proportions from the dataset to show its accuracy. It is worth noting that the lack of ML-based predictive models for the flexural and tensile properties of 3D-printed concrete in the literature makes this study a novel innovation in the field. This model could reduce the computational and experimental effort required to formulate the mixed design of printed concrete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16114149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T08:50:31Z","timestamp":1685695831000},"page":"4149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Predictive Model for Tensile and Flexural Strength of 3D-Printed Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ammar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Raja Dilawar","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8447-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair Jalil","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5670-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Baqar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2262-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-5781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mati Ullah","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4318-7712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Faizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Sector, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Neville, A.M., and Brooks, J.J. (1987). Concrete Technology, Longman Scientific & Technical."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mehta, P.K., and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2014). Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"155","article-title":"Emerging trends in the growth of structural systems for tall buildings","volume":"5","author":"Memon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Struct. Integr. Maint."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.06012012.33.46","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced concrete in precast concrete applications: Research leads to innovative products","volume":"57","author":"Banthia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PCI J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2008.08.001","article-title":"New perspectives on maturity method and approach for high performance concrete applications","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.167","article-title":"Effectiveness of hair and wave polypropylene fibers for concrete roads","volume":"166","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"H\u00f6eg, K. (1993). Asphaltic Concrete Cores for Embankment Dams, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publicatie."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, A. (2008). Sprayed Concrete Lined Tunnels, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482265682"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gj\u00f8rv, O.E. (2008). Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"322","article-title":"Ultra-High Strength Concrete Mixtures Using Local Materials","volume":"5","author":"Allena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Arch."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Durability of Concrete\u2014Fifty Years of Progress?","volume":"126","author":"Mehta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Woods, H. (1968). Durability of Concrete Construction, American Concrete Institute."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, R., Farooq, S.H., and Usman, M. (2019). Blast Loading Response of Reinforced Concrete Panels Externally Reinforced with Steel Strips. Infrastructures, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures4030054"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"769","article-title":"High-Strength Concrete for High-Rise towers","volume":"149","author":"Thornton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Scollard, C., Bergman, D., Schemman, A., Kleymann, M., and Tjhin, T. (2014). Transportation 2014: Past, Present, Future-2014 Conference and Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada\/\/Transport 2014: Du Pass\u00e9 Vers l\u2019avenir-2014 Congr\u00e8s et Exposition de\u2019Association Des Transports Du Canada, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-7798(00)00031-6","article-title":"Ideas on downward arched and other underwater concrete tunnels","volume":"15","author":"Tveit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00365-3","article-title":"Cements of yesterday and today: Concrete of tomorrow","volume":"30","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"501","article-title":"Concrete and Sustainable Development","volume":"206","author":"Meyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACI Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9485.1970.tb00715.x","article-title":"The construction sector in economic development","volume":"17","author":"Strassmann","year":"1970","journal-title":"Scott. J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, J.L. (1993). Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482269307"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fehling, E., Schmidt, M., Walraven, J., Leutbecher, T., and Fr\u00f6hlich, S. (2014). Ultra-High Performance Concrete UHPC, Ernst & Sohn.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783433604076"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(96)00046-7","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced concrete: An overview after 30 years of development","volume":"19","author":"Zollo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of self-healing concrete research development","volume":"2","author":"Talaiekhozani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Treat. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.008","article-title":"Green concrete: Prospects and challenges","volume":"156","author":"Liew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raijiwala, D.B., and Patil, H.S. (2010, January 2\u20134). Geopolymer concrete A green concrete. Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBEE.2010.5649609"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Magnel, G., and Zollman, C.C. (1954). Prestressed Concrete, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mindess, S. (2008). Fibrous Concrete Reinforcement, Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439832707.ch7"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"69","article-title":"Advancements in Concrete Technology","volume":"21","author":"Mehta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Concr. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Maiti, S.C., and Agarwal, R.K. (2009). Concrete and Its Quality, The Indian Concrete Journal Sep."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Balaguru, P.N., and Bhatt, D. (2000). Rapid Hardening Concrete, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Lehne, J., and Preston, F. (2018). Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-Carbon Cement and Concrete, Chatham House."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.I., Usman, M., Rizwan, S.A., and Hanif, A. (2019). Khan Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Limestone Powder and Fly Ash as Supplementary Cementing Material. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12183050"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, M.U., Usman, M., Hanif, M.U., Naseem, I., and Farooq, S. (2021). Utilization of Solid Waste from Brick Industry and Hydrated Lime in Self-Compacting Cement Pastes. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051109"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.24949\/njes.v15i1.655","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Concrete Properties using Locally available Coarse Aggregates in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"NUST J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.186","article-title":"Eco-friendly self-compacting cement pastes incorporating wood waste as cement replacement: A feasibility study","volume":"190","author":"Usman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048193","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing Review: Early Past to Current Practice","volume":"142","author":"Beaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"148","article-title":"Rapid prototyping in Europe and Japan","volume":"102","author":"Prinz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cent. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"617","article-title":"Sculpture as the Sum of its Profiles: Fran\u00e7ois Will\u00e8me and Photosculpture in France, 1859\u20131868","volume":"62","author":"Sobieszek","year":"1980","journal-title":"Art Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nair, A., Aditya, S.D., Adarsh, R.N., Nandan, M., Dharek, M.S., Sreedhara, B.M., Prashant, S.C., and Sreekeshava, K.S. (2020). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.04.004","article-title":"Productivity of digital fabrication in construction: Cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall","volume":"92","author":"Hunhevicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naoum, S.G. (2016). Factors influencing labor productivity on construction sites: A state-of-the-art literature review and a survey. Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag., 65.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-03-2015-0045"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2000)126:5(358)","article-title":"Role of the Fabricator in Labor Productivity","volume":"126","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Li, W., Lin, X., Bao, D.W., and Xie, Y.M. (2022). Structures, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and hardened properties of 3D printable cementitious materials for building and construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103855","article-title":"Extrusion-based concrete 3D printing from a material perspective: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"115","author":"Mohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103467","article-title":"A 3D concrete printing prefabrication platform for bespoke columns","volume":"122","author":"Anton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Xu, W., Gao, Y., Sun, C., and Wang, Z. (2020). Fabricate 2020, UCL Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104155","article-title":"Mix design concepts for 3D printable concrete: A review","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121745","article-title":"A review of 3D printed concrete: Performance requirements, testing measurements and mix design","volume":"273","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3221\/IGF-ESIS.50.44","article-title":"Use of by-products for partial replacement of 3D printed concrete constituents; rheology, strength and shrinkage performance","volume":"13","author":"Papachristoforou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frat. Ed Integrit\u00e0 Strutt."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104215","article-title":"Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on properties of 3D printed conventional and alkali-activated concrete: A review","volume":"138","author":"Nodehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2018.09.023","article-title":"Evaluation of workability parameters in 3D printing concrete","volume":"10","author":"Papachristoforou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120991","article-title":"Mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete in hot temperatures","volume":"266","author":"Alchaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.232","article-title":"Effect of surface moisture on inter-layer strength of 3D printed concrete","volume":"172","author":"Sanjayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103571","article-title":"Interlayer bonding improvement of 3D printed concrete with polymer modified mortar: Experiments and molecular dynamics studies","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126545","article-title":"Shotcrete based 3D concrete printing: State of art, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"323","author":"Heidarnezhad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104091","article-title":"Extrudable region parametrical study of 3D printable concrete using recycled glass concrete","volume":"50","author":"Ting","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.014","article-title":"3D printable concrete: Mixture design and test methods","volume":"97","author":"Rahul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.11.109","article-title":"Improving the 3D printability of high volume fly ash mixtures via the use of nano attapulgite clay","volume":"165","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"143","article-title":"Mixture design and testing of fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete","volume":"111","author":"Khayat","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"102944","article-title":"Modification effect of nanosilica and polypropylene fiber for extrusion-based 3D printing concrete: Printability and mechanical anisotropy","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Putten, J., Rahul, A.V., De Schutter, G., and Van Tittelboom, K. (2021). Development of 3D Printable Cementitious Composites with the Incorporation of Polypropylene Fibers. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164474"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103400","article-title":"Rheology and shrinkage of concrete using polypropylene fiber for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.002","article-title":"Investigation of the rheology and strength of geopolymer mixtures for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"94","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivas, D., Dey, D., Panda, B., and Sitharam, T.G. (2022). Printability, Thermal and Compressive Strength Properties of Cementitious Materials: A Comparative Study with Silica Fume and Limestone. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15238607"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.02.040","article-title":"Mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of early age concrete in the context of digital construction","volume":"165","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103820","article-title":"Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on rheological properties of 3D printed fly ash based geopolymer","volume":"114","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.11.131","article-title":"Rheological behavior of high volume fly ash mixtures containing micro silica for digital construction application","volume":"237","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dvorkin, L., Konkol, J., Marchuk, V., and Huts, A. (2022). Effectiveness of Polymer Additives in Concrete for 3D Concrete Printing Using Fly Ash. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14245467"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106968","article-title":"Printability region for 3D concrete printing using slump and slump flow test","volume":"174","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J.M., and Salet, T.A.M. (2020). Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.11.039","article-title":"Setting Time and Flowability of Accelerated Portland Cement Mixed with Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer","volume":"37","author":"Wongkornchaowalit","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.07.123","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical performance of 3D printed fiber reinforced sustainable construction material","volume":"209","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106040","article-title":"Improving printability of limestone-calcined clay-based cementitious materials by using viscosity-modifying admixture","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126111","article-title":"Effect of synthetic microfiber and viscosity modifier agent on layer deformation, viscosity, and open time of cement mortar for 3D printing application","volume":"319","author":"Sukontasukkul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.10.124","article-title":"Effects of rheological properties and printing speed on molding accuracy of 3D printing basalt fiber cementitious materials","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J.M., and Salet, T.A.M. (2020). Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.008","article-title":"Volume-forming 3D concrete printing using a variable-size square nozzle","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104671","article-title":"Nozzle criteria for enhancing extrudability, buildability and interlayer bonding in 3D printing concrete","volume":"146","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z.-H. (2021). Machine Learning, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1967-3"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"381","article-title":"Machine learning algorithms\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Mahesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/02630259608970203","article-title":"Machine learning and its application to civil engineering systems","volume":"13","author":"Melhem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. Syst."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/0885-9507.00065","article-title":"Machine Learning Techniques for Civil Engineering Problems","volume":"12","author":"Reich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-021-01374-y","article-title":"Improving the performance of LSSVM model in predicting the safety factor for circular failure slope through optimization algorithms","volume":"38","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504283","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5504283","article-title":"Machine Learning-Based Fragility Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings","volume":"2022","author":"Rasheed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.06.008","article-title":"Estimating strength properties of geopolymer self-compacting concrete using machine learning techniques","volume":"9","author":"Awoyera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezvan, S., Moradi, M.J., Dabiri, H., Daneshvar, K., Karakouzian, M., and Farhangi, V. (2023). Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete Containing Recycled Plastic-Based Materials. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042033"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e00840","article-title":"Compressive strength prediction of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete via advanced machine learning techniques","volume":"16","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-023-08439-7","article-title":"Artificial neural networks (ANN), MARS, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the stress at the failure of concrete with waste steel slag coarse aggregate replacement","volume":"35","author":"Piro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"e01536","article-title":"ANN based predictive mimicker for mechanical and rheological properties of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete","volume":"17","author":"Rehman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.02.487","article-title":"Prediction of compressive strength of self-compacting concrete using four machine learning technics","volume":"57","author":"Zaher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.103964","article-title":"Comparative study of evolutionary artificial intelligence approaches to predict the rheological properties of fresh concrete","volume":"32","author":"Nazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Nadimalla, A., Masjuki, S., Saad, S., and Ali, M. (2022). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119889","article-title":"Machine learning prediction of mechanical properties of concrete: Critical review","volume":"260","author":"Chaabene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09876-9","article-title":"A review on machine learning in 3D printing: Applications, potential, and challenges","volume":"54","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayasudha, M., Elangovan, M., Mahdal, M., and Priyadarshini, J. (2022). Accurate Estimation of Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Parts Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10061158"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12503-y","article-title":"Integration of thermal imaging and neural networks for mechanical strength analysis and fracture prediction in 3D-printed plastic parts","volume":"12","author":"Boiko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77935-w","article-title":"3D printable biomimetic rod with superior buckling resistance designed by machine learning","volume":"10","author":"Challapalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2022.104529","article-title":"Test methods for 3D printable concrete","volume":"142","author":"Kaliyavaradhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108639","article-title":"Fresh and anisotropic-mechanical properties of 3D printable ultra-high ductile concrete with crumb rubber","volume":"211","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joh, C., Lee, J., Bui, T.Q., Park, J., and Yang, I.-H. (2020). Buildability and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13214919"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Sonebi, M., Amziane, S., and Perrot, A. (2019). 3D Printing of Concrete: State of the Art and Challenges of the Digital Construction Revolution, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118654","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of 3D printed mortar with recycled sand at early ages","volume":"248","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, A.U., and Kim, J.-H. (2021). 3D Concrete Printing: A Systematic Review of Rheology, Mix Designs, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Characteristics. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143800"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.116710","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of 3D printable concrete","volume":"227","author":"Rahul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(99)00272-1","article-title":"Basic concepts of artificial neural network (ANN) modeling and its application in pharmaceutical research","volume":"22","author":"Beresford","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2528162","article-title":"Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer-Aided Detection: CNN Architectures, Dataset Characteristics and Transfer Learning","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Liu, H., Bae, J., He, J., Samaras, D., and Prasanna, P. (2022). Self pre-training with masked autoencoders for medical image analysis. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Bank, D., Koenigstein, N., and Giryes, R. (2020). Autoencoders. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103724","article-title":"Hardened properties of layered 3D printed concrete with recycled sand","volume":"113","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.010","article-title":"Improving flexural characteristics of 3D printed geopolymer composites with in-process steel cable reinforcement","volume":"178","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.08.051","article-title":"Measurement of tensile bond strength of 3D printed geopolymer mortar","volume":"113","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00592-x","article-title":"Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Dulac-Arnold, G., Levine, N., Mankowitz, D.J., Li, J., Paduraru, C., Gowal, S., and Hester, T. (2019). Challenges of real-world reinforcement learning. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahrishi, M., Hiran, K.K., Meena, G., and Sharma, P. (2020). Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Real-Time Applications, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3095-5"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.105444","article-title":"Predictive models for concrete properties using machine learning and deep learning approaches: A review","volume":"63","author":"Moein","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0908-1011","article-title":"What are decision trees?","volume":"26","author":"Kingsford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-011-9272-4","article-title":"Decision trees: A recent overview","volume":"39","author":"Kotsiantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2013.10.006","article-title":"Damage prediction for regular reinforced concrete buildings using the decision tree algorithm","volume":"130","author":"Karbassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Struct."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.03.014","article-title":"Two-level and hybrid ensembles of decision trees for high performance concrete compressive strength prediction","volume":"26","author":"Erdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Taffese, W., Sistonen, E., and Puttonen, J. (2015). ESANN, UCL Press."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2022.103267","article-title":"Prediction of strength and analysis in self-compacting concrete using machine learning based regression techniques","volume":"173","author":"Rajakarunakaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000088","article-title":"Optimizing the Prediction Accuracy of Concrete Compressive Strength Based on a Comparison of Data-Mining Techniques","volume":"25","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"19","article-title":"Prediction of compressive strength of concrete with decision trees","volume":"2","author":"Dauji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102278","article-title":"A comparative investigation using machine learning methods for concrete compressive strength estimation","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kecman, V. (2005). Support Vector Machines: Theory and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/10984697_1"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suthaharan, S., and Suthaharan, S. (2016). Machine Learning Models and Algorithms for Big Data Classification: Thinking with Examples for Effective Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7641-3"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.09.054","article-title":"Nonlinear structural response prediction based on support vector machines","volume":"311","author":"Yinfeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470116449.ch6","article-title":"Applications of Support Vector Machines in Chemistry","volume":"23","author":"Ivanciuc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.006","article-title":"Prediction of elastic modulus of normal and high strength concrete by support vector machine","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.035","article-title":"Modelling the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete using support vector machine approach","volume":"106","author":"Sonebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"8","article-title":"Modelling the strength of lightweight foamed concrete using support vector machine (SVM)","volume":"6","author":"Abd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Gupta, S.M. (2007). Support vector machines based modelling of concrete strength. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., 36."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2022.108624","article-title":"Convolutional neural network for predicting crack pattern and stress-crack width curve of air-void structure in 3D printed concrete","volume":"271","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106761","article-title":"Artificial neural network for the prediction of the fresh properties of cementitious materials","volume":"156","author":"Charrier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izadgoshasb, H., Kandiri, A., Shakor, P., Laghi, V., and Gasparini, G. (2021). Predicting Compressive Strength of 3D Printed Mortar in Structural Members Using Machine Learning. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210826"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103977","article-title":"Evaluation of interlayer bonding in layered composites based on non-destructive measurements and machine learning: Comparative analysis of selected learning algorithms","volume":"132","author":"Czarnecki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.01.011","article-title":"Deep learning-based tensile strength prediction in fused deposition modeling","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1039\/D0MA00036A","article-title":"Formulation of mix design for 3D printing of geopolymers: A machine learning approach","volume":"1","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"101638","article-title":"Variable-geometry nozzle for surface quality enhancement in 3D concrete printing","volume":"37","author":"Lao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Ebden, M. (2015). Gaussian processes: A quick introduction. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Rasmussen, C.E., and Williams, C.K.I. (2008). Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, Springer."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"291","article-title":"Bayesian neural networks and Gaussian processes in identification of concrete properties","volume":"18","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Assist. Methods Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-08126-z","article-title":"Predictive model for shear strength estimation in reinforced concrete beams with recycled aggregates using Gaussian process regression","volume":"35","author":"Omidinasab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kova\u010devi\u0107, M., Lozan\u010di\u0107, S., Nyarko, E.K., and Hadzima-Nyarko, M. (2021). Modeling of Compressive Strength of Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete Using Machine Learning. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154346"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Chen, T., He, T., Benesty, M., Khotilovich, V., Tang, Y., Cho, H., Chen, K., Mitchell, R., Cano, I., and Zhou, T. (2023, May 19). Xgboost: Extreme Gradient Boosting. R Package Version 0.4-2. Available online: https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/xgboost\/."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Dong, P., and Tian, Y. (2017). A Novel Method of Statistical Line Loss Estimation for Distribution Feeders Based on Feeder Cluster and Modified XGBoost. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122067"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120950","article-title":"Efficient machine learning models for prediction of concrete strengths","volume":"266","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104745","article-title":"Optimization of 3D printing concrete with coarse aggregate via proper mix design and printing process","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106388","article-title":"3D-printable engineered cementitious composites (3DP-ECC): Fresh and hardened properties","volume":"143","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108088","article-title":"Development of 3D printable engineered cementitious composites with ultra-high tensile ductility for digital construction","volume":"181","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122586","article-title":"Effect of polyethylene fiber content on workability and mechanical-anisotropic properties of 3D printed ultra-high ductile concrete","volume":"281","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102944","article-title":"Mechanical characterisation for numerical simulation of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Bester","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.06.124","article-title":"Fibre-reinforced lightweight engineered cementitious composites for 3D concrete printing","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2021.106384","article-title":"Fiber orientation effects on ultra-high performance concrete formed by 3D printing","volume":"143","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Suntharalingam, T., Nagaratnam, B., Poologanathan, K., Hackney, P., and Ramli, J. (2020). Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication: Digital Concrete 2020 2, Springer."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104281","article-title":"Digital fabrication of eco-friendly ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete","volume":"125","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.19.1264","article-title":"The Influence of Polypropylene Fiber on the Working Performance and Mechanical Anisotropy of 3D Printing Concrete","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124453","article-title":"Development of fibre reinforced engineered cementitious composite using polyvinyl alcohol fibre and activated carbon powder for 3D concrete printing","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119546","article-title":"Development of 3D-printable ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete for digital construction","volume":"257","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125572","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanical performance and damage mechanism for 3D printed concrete based on pore structure","volume":"314","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104310","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete for 3D printing","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wangler, T., and Flatt, R.J. (2019). First RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication\u2014Digital Concrete 2018, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99519-9"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2011.12.003","article-title":"Hardened properties of high-performance printing concrete","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129763","article-title":"Enhancement of 3D printed cementitious composite by short fibers: A review","volume":"362","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128720","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced mortar with 100% recycled fine aggregates: A cleaner perspective on 3D printing","volume":"319","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121699","article-title":"Printability and advantages of 3D printing mortar with 100% recycled sand","volume":"273","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106868","article-title":"Hardened properties of 3D printed concrete with recycled coarse aggregate","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marczyk, J., Ziejewska, C., G\u0105dek, S., Korniejenko, K., \u0141ach, M., G\u00f3ra, M., Kurek, I., Do\u011fan-Sa\u011flamtimur, N., Hebda, M., and Szechy\u0144ska-Hebda, M. (2021). Hybrid Materials Based on Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Cement for 3D Printing. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14226874"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105786","article-title":"Changes in rheology and mechanical properties of ultra-high performance concrete with silica fume content","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00839-6","article-title":"Influence of cement and superplasticizers type and dosage on the fluidity of cement mortars\u2014Part I","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.240","article-title":"Measuring the thixotropy of conventional concrete: The influence of viscosity modifying agent, superplasticiser and water","volume":"225","author":"Kolawole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-022-09734-7","article-title":"Surrogate Models to Predict the Long-Term Compressive Strength of Cement-Based Mortar Modified with Fly Ash","volume":"29","author":"Abdalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/11\/4149\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:47:55Z","timestamp":1760125675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/11\/4149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16114149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16114149","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]}}}