{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:23:35Z","timestamp":1760149415245,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]},{"name":"Aveiro Research Centre for Risks and Sustainability in Construction","award":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","award":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation","award":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Resilience Plan (PRR) and European Union (NextGenerationEU)","award":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07874.BD","FCT\/UIDB\/ECI\/04450\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/04708\/2020","FCT\/UIDB\/00481\/2020","FCT\/UIDP\/00481\/2020","CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-022083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A constitutive model was used to describe the tensile response of two woven Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) geogrids, before and after mechanical damage. The model parameters of undamaged and damaged specimens were estimated via numerical regressions of test results. For each sample, the experimental and fitted tensile strengths were statistically compared using hypothesis tests. For each geogrid, tensile load\u2013strain curves of damaged samples were drawn by applying scaling factors to the plot of the undamaged sample. The curve fittings resulted in high R2 values for undamaged and damaged specimens of the geogrids. For most samples, there was no significant mean difference between the experimental and fitted tensile strength. The model allowed us to describe the load\u2013strain curve of a geogrid from its tensile properties: \u03b5max, Tmax and Ji. Regardless of the type of damage (in laboratory or in situ), the model was able to describe the load\u2013strain curves of damaged samples using data from undamaged samples and scaling factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"5384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Constitutive Model for Describing the Tensile Response of Woven Polyethylene Terephthalate Geogrids after Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giovani","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Pinho-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Miguel","family":"Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Roberto Frias, s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Bastos","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2015). Geosynthetics\u2014Part 1: Terms and Definitions (Standard No. ISO 10318-1)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Koerner, R.M. (2005). Designing with Geosynthetics, Pearson Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Healing the World: A Geosynthetics Solution","volume":"28","author":"Touze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2016.04.002","article-title":"Application of Geosynthetics on Low-Volume Roads","volume":"8","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.21.00046","article-title":"The Use of Geosynthetics in Roads","volume":"30","author":"Giroud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s12209-012-1559-2","article-title":"Model Test and Numerical Analysis on Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Stepped Reinforced Retaining Wall","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Tianjin Univ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.194","article-title":"Creep Behaviors and Constitutive Model for High Density Polyethylene Geogrid and Its Application to Reinforced Soil Retaining Wall on Soft Soil Foundation","volume":"114","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Adams, M., and Nicks, J. (2018). Design and Construction Guidelines for Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Abutments and Integrated Bridge Systems, FHWA-HRT-17-080."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2021.09.007","article-title":"Numerical Study of Strain Development in High-Density Polyethylene Geomembrane Liner System in Landfills Using a New Constitutive Model for Municipal Solid Waste","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2018.12.013","article-title":"Experimental Investigations and Constitutive Modeling of Cyclic Interface Shearing between HDPE Geomembrane and Sandy Gravel","volume":"47","author":"Cen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2010.10.014","article-title":"A New Constitutive Model for Textured Geomembrane\/Geotextile Interfaces","volume":"29","author":"Bacas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2008.11.008","article-title":"Influence of Constitutive Model on Numerical Simulation of EPS Seismic Buffer Shaking Table Tests","volume":"27","author":"Zarnani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ottosen, N., and Ristinmaa, M. (2005). The Mechanics of Constitutive Modeling, Elsevier Ltd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2004.11.2.114","article-title":"The Isochronous Strains Energy Approach Applied to the Load-Strain-Time-Temperature Behaviour of Geosynthetics","volume":"11","author":"McGown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, S.K. (2016). An Introduction to Geosynthetic Engineering, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315378930"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bathurst, R.J., and Kaliakin, V.N. (2005, January 19\u201324). Review of Numerical Models for Geosynthetics in Reinforcement Applications. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Torino, Italy."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Soil Structure During Blast Loads","volume":"1336","author":"Yogendrakumar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:4(330)","article-title":"Simulating Performance of GRS-RW by Finite-Element Procedure","volume":"121","author":"Ling","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.2006.13.6.234","article-title":"Modeling Cyclic Behavior of Geosynthetics Using Mathematical Functions Combined with Masing Rule and Bounding Surface Plasticity","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1943","article-title":"Creep Properties and Viscoelastic-Plastic-Damaged Constitutive Model of Geogrid","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"27","article-title":"Implementation and Verification of a Geosynthetic-Soil Interface Constitutive Model in the Geogrid Element of FLAC3D","volume":"12","author":"Haimin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geotech. Slov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40891-021-00313-7","article-title":"Constitutive Modelling of Short-Term Tensile Response of Geotextile Subjected to Mechanical and Abrasion Damages","volume":"7","author":"Paula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125972","article-title":"Constitutive Models and Statistical Analysis of the Short-Term Tensile Response of Geosynthetics after Damage","volume":"317","author":"Lombardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Xiao, C., and Cui, F. (2023). Analytical Model for Predicting Time-Dependent Lateral Deformation of Geosynthetics-Reinforced Soil Walls with Modular Block Facing. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.04.021"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2021.01.003","article-title":"Geosynthetic Reinforcement Stiffness for Analytical and Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Soil Structures","volume":"49","author":"Bathurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23999","article-title":"Nonlinear Load\u2013Strain Modeling of Polypropylene Geogrids during Constant Rate-of-Strain Loading","volume":"55","author":"Ezzein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Greenwood, J.H., Schroeder, H.F., and Voskamp, W. (2012). Durability of Geosynthetics, CUR Building & Infrastructure."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.1.0008","article-title":"Characterization of Geosynthetic Load-Strain Behavior After Installation Damage","volume":"1","author":"Allen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019). Geosynthetics\u2014Index Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Mechanical Damage under Repeated Loading\u2014Damage Caused by Granular Material (Standard No. ISO 10722)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.13.00022","article-title":"Tensile and Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetics after Mechanical Damage and Abrasion Laboratory Tests","volume":"20","author":"Rosete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geosynth. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2015.07.001","article-title":"Synergisms between Laboratory Mechanical and Abrasion Damage on Mechanical and Hydraulic Properties of Geosynthetics","volume":"4","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Pinho-Lopes, M., Recker, C., Lopes, M.L., and M\u00fcller-Rochholz, J. (2002, January 22\u201327). Experimental Analysis of the Combined Effect of Installation Damage and Creep of Geosynthetics\u2014New Results. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Nice, France."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015). Geosynthetics\u2014Wide-Width Tensile Test (Standard No. ISO 10319)."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sheskin, D.J. (2000). Handbook of Parametric and Non Parametric Statistical Procedures, Chapman & Hall\/CRC. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Field, A. (2017). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, SAGE Publications Ltd.. [5th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5384\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:23:16Z","timestamp":1760127796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/15\/5384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16155384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16155384","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]}}}