{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:44:59Z","timestamp":1768790699727,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BII-BIO\/5626\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/CTM\/50025\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECINST\/00156\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid carrageenans, also called kappa-2 (K2) or weak kappa, are a class of sulfated polysaccharides with thermo-reversible gelling properties in water and are extracted from a specific family of red seaweeds. K2 are known in the industry for their texturizing properties which are intermediate between those of kappa-carrageenans (K) and iota-carrageenans (I). As such, K2 are gaining industrial interest, as they can replace blends of K and I (K + I) in some niche applications. Over the last decade or so, some progress has been made in unravelling K2\u2032s chemical structure. The understanding of K2 gel\u2019s structure\u2013rheological properties\u2019 relationships has also improved. Such recent progress is reported here, reviewing the literature on gelling K2 published since the last review on the topic. The focus is on the seaweeds used for extracting K2, their block copolymer chemical structures, and how these impact on the gel\u2019s formation and rheological properties. The outcome of this review is that additional rheological and structural studies of K2 hydrogels are needed, in particular to understand their viscoelastic behavior under large deformation and to unravel the differences between the texturizing properties of K2 and K + I.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16155387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T10:00:15Z","timestamp":1690797615000},"page":"5387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["From Seaweeds to Hydrogels: Recent Progress in Kappa-2 Carrageenans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2619-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hil\u00e9ia K. S.","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 5800-048 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovation in Polymer Engineering (PIEP), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, Building 15, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Wala","family":"Kraiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 5800-048 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LR99ES16 Laboratoire Physique de la Mati\u00e8re Molle et de la Mod\u00e9lisation \u00c9lectromagn\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Ben Yahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 5800-048 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"LR99ES16 Laboratoire Physique de la Mati\u00e8re Molle et de la Mod\u00e9lisation \u00c9lectromagn\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel","family":"Aschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LR99ES16 Laboratoire Physique de la Mati\u00e8re Molle et de la Mod\u00e9lisation \u00c9lectromagn\u00e9tique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de Tunis, Universit\u00e9 de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Hilliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 5800-048 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stephen, A.M., Phillips, G.O., and Williams, P.A. 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