{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T23:19:20Z","timestamp":1776899960450,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whitening products commonly utilize hydrogen peroxide (HP) as an active principle, which can penetrate dental tissues with potential side effects due to its low molecular weight. This study aimed to evaluate the HP diffusion of two in-office whitening products, namely 6% VivaStyle Paint On Plus (VS) and Opalescence Boost 40% (OP), in different tooth types. Additionally, the influence of the area of exposure, dental tissue thickness and pulp chamber volume was assessed. Each group consisted of eighteen intact anterior (A), premolar (PM) and molar (M) human teeth, and a positive pulpal pressure model was employed. The samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry, and results were expressed as the mean and 95% confidence interval. Statistical tests and linear regression models were appropriately applied at \u03b1 = 5%. The total HP (\u00b5g) retrieved was as follows: VS-A, 1.333 [1.214, 1.452]; OP-A, 1.538 [1.457, 1.620]; VS-PM, 1.208 [1.123, 1.291]; OP-PM, 3.628 [3.401, 3.855]; VS-M, 2.560 [2.297, 2.823]; and OP-M, 4.197 [3.997, 4.396], with statistically significant differences in diffusion kinetics between whitening products for PM and M. Several HP concentrations attained a minimum cytotoxicity value of 2.22 \u00b5g\/mL. The regression model shows that OP exposed the pulp chamber to 1.421 \u00b5g of HP more than that of VS. Different whitening products can cause cytotoxic HP concentrations in the pulp chamber, with a higher risk observed in molars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16165552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1691664760000},"page":"5552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hydrogen Peroxide Diffusion through Dental Tissues\u2014In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Casqueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9366-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1966-8281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"LIBPhys-FCT UID\/FIS\/04559\/2013, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Postgraduate Programme in Prosthodontics, Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, 1950-044 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103423","article-title":"A review on dental whitening","volume":"100","author":"Alkahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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