{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T22:47:18Z","timestamp":1766962038522,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Universities of Spain","award":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"]}]},{"name":"GI Paleoeconom\u00eda y Subsistencia de las Sociedades Preindustriales, Instituto de Historia, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain","award":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006055","name":"Nuclear Safety Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00073\/2020","UIDP\/00073\/2020","CEECIND\/03568\/2017","FPU16\/05739","PR32960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research work is to study the effect of salt mist ageing on the physico-mechanical properties of two ignimbrites from the Canary Islands (Spain). Due to their insular nature and extensive coastlines, these regions are highly susceptible to atmospheric salt aerosols, which is a significant weathering agent for building materials. The ignimbrites analysed are marketed under the names \u201cAzul Lomo Tom\u00e1s de Le\u00f3n\u201d and \u201cMarr\u00f3n de Abades\u201d and are widely used as building stones. Petrographic, mineralogical and chemical properties were obtained via polarisation microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. The samples were subjected to 60 cycles of a salt mist environment, following relevant European standards. Scanning electron microscopy images of the specimens were analysed along with physical properties, including apparent density, open porosity, water absorption, colourimetry and ultrasound propagation velocity, initially and after every 20 cycles, allowing us to assess their evolution during the ageing test. Mechanical properties were evaluated using uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength under concentrated load tests on two groups of specimens: one unaged and the other subjected to 60 ageing cycles. With the exception of apparent density, the other properties show a decrease between 5% and 30%. However, open porosity increases and is one of the properties most affected by the ageing test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16227061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:44:18Z","timestamp":1699317858000},"page":"7061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Salt Mist Ageing on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Two Ignimbrites from the Canary Islands (Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Valido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of La Laguna (ULL), Campus Ancheta, 38200 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of La Laguna (ULL), Campus Ancheta, 38200 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"D. M.","family":"Freire-Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CGeo\u2013Geosciences Center, University of Coimbra, Rua Silvino Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9198-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds M. O.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CGeo\u2013Geosciences Center, University of Coimbra, Rua Silvino Lima, Polo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"De Oliveira Barros, M.H., and Yamamoto, J. (2006, January 6\u201310). Ageing tests for dimension stone\u2014Experimental studies of granitic rocks from Brazil. In Proceeding of the 10th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment IAEG\u2014Engineering Geology for Tomorrow\u2019s Cities, Nottingham, UK.","key":"ref_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1144\/qjegh.34.2.133","article-title":"Weathering mechanisms and indices of the igneous rocks of Hong Kong","volume":"34","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol."},{"unstructured":"Doehne, E., and Price, C.A. (2011). Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research, Getty Conservation Institute.","key":"ref_3"},{"unstructured":"Bell, F.G. (2007). Engineering Geology, Butterworth-Heinemann.","key":"ref_4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-2132\/10\/3\/035003","article-title":"Evaluation of stone durability using a combination of ultrasound, mechanical and accelerated aging tests","volume":"10","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2008.v58.i289-290.99","article-title":"Introducci\u00f3n: La Piedra Natural y el Patrimonio construido: Un mismo campo de investigaci\u00f3n","volume":"58","author":"Fort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Construcc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"43","article-title":"Petrographic and petrophysical characterisation and structural function of the heritage stones in Fuwairit Archaeological Site (NE Qatar): Implications for heritage conservation","volume":"44","author":"Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epis. J. Int. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.12.010","article-title":"Effect of salt crystallization on stones of historical buildings and monuments, Konya, Central Turkey","volume":"42","author":"Zedef","year":"2007","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2001.v51.i263-264.362","article-title":"Role of clay constituents in stone decay processes","volume":"51","author":"Veniale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater Construcc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-021-02560-4","article-title":"Geotechnical characterization of low-porous limestones (beige\u2013cream marble, Turkey) and evaluation of durability by salt crystallization experiments","volume":"81","author":"Ozkan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"unstructured":"Cueto, N., Vieira de Sousa, J.F., Fernandes, C., Benavente, D., Urbani, F., Meza, R., and Garcia del Cursa, M.A. (2018, January 27\u201330). Water transport in lapilli tuff from Madeira Iland, Portugal: Implications on degradation mechanisms and durability. In Proceeding of the 16th Congreso Nacional de Geotecnia, A\u00e7ores, Portugal.","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.228","article-title":"Pore properties as indicators of breakdown mechanisms in experimentally weathered limestones","volume":"26","author":"Nicholson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Landf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-019-8466-y","article-title":"Durability assessment of the basalts used in the Diyarbak\u0131r City Walls, Turkey","volume":"78","author":"Dursun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00020-5","article-title":"Quantification of salt weathering in porous stones using an experimental continuous partial immersion method","volume":"59","author":"Benavente","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.QJEG.1998.031.P4.09","article-title":"Influence of climatically induced cycles in physical weathering","volume":"31","author":"Halsey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.11.012","article-title":"New engineering geological weathering classifications for granitoid rocks","volume":"185","author":"Momeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01891-y","article-title":"Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test","volume":"79","author":"Zalooli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121009","article-title":"Accelerate ageing on building stone materials by simulating daily, seasonal thermo-hygrometric conditions and solar radiation of Csa Mediterranean climate","volume":"266","author":"Sitzia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Crewdson, M. (2011, January 1\u20135). Outdoor weathering must verify accelerated testing. Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference\u2014ANTEC, Newtown, CN, USA.","key":"ref_19"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-020-01776-0","article-title":"Accelerated aging laboratory tests for the evaluation of the durability of hydrophobic treated and untreated andesite with respect to salt crystallization, freezing\u2013thawing, and thermal shock","volume":"79","author":"Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.408","article-title":"Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea-salt weathering","volume":"28","author":"Cardell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Landf."},{"unstructured":"Vicente, M.A. (1996, January 25\u201327). The role of salt crystallization in the degradation processes of granite monuments. Proceedings of the Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salts on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments, Bari, Italy.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137687","article-title":"Decay processes in buildings close to the sea induced by marine aerosol: Salt depositions inside construction materials","volume":"721","author":"Morillas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"unstructured":"(2020). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Resistance to Salt Crystallisation (Standard No. EN 12370:2020).","key":"ref_24"},{"unstructured":"(2004). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Resistance to Ageing by Salt Mist (Standard No. EN 14147:2004).","key":"ref_25"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3509","article-title":"The effect of salt crystallization on degradation of volcanic building stones by sodium sulfates and sodium chlorides","volume":"78","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-021-10064-3","article-title":"Petrophysical properties of limestones: Influence on behaviour under different environmental conditions and applications","volume":"80","author":"Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"unstructured":"Pires, V., Rosa, L.G., Amaral, P.M., and Sim\u00e3o, J.A.R. (2014, January 22\u201325). Salt fog implications on stone cladding: The case study of two Portuguese limestones. Proceedings of the 5th Global Stone Congress, Antalya, Turkey.","key":"ref_28"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage6010026","article-title":"The Susceptibility to Salt Fog Degradation of Stone Cladding Materials: A Laboratory Case Study on Two Limestones from Portugal","volume":"6","author":"Pires","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7670-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Portuguese limestones\u2019 susceptibility to salt mist through laboratory testing","volume":"77","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"91","article-title":"Surface alteration on limestones exposed to salt mist","volume":"105","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comun. Geol."},{"unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o, J., Pires, V., and Galhano, C. (2015, January 2\u20134). Salt fog experiments on natural stone. The case of three Portuguese ornamental limestones. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering\u2014ICEUBI2015, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal.","key":"ref_32"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1144\/SP407.8","article-title":"Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: Considerations for its nomination as a global heritage stone resource due to its long term durability","volume":"407","author":"Fort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-021-09426-8","article-title":"Geomechanical, durability\u2013hygrothermal and thermal shock properties of Kocaeli Kandira stone used as building stone in historical structures","volume":"80","author":"Morali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2478\/sgem-2014-0005","article-title":"The Influence of the Salt Mist on the Deterioration of Rock Materials","volume":"36","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Geotech. Mech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s41024-022-00237-3","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties and alteration of Lixus historical monuments building rocks (Larache\u2013Morocco)","volume":"7","author":"Ouacha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Pathol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-06339-x","article-title":"Investigation of some atmospheric effects in the laboratory tests on deterioration of andesite (Iscehisar-Turkey) used as the building stone of cultural heritages","volume":"14","author":"Ersoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-023-11024-9","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of Ignimbrite from Arucas. Environ","volume":"82","author":"Valido","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Sci."},{"unstructured":"Borges, M., Sim\u00e3o, J., and Silva, Z. (2011, January 19\u201322). Artificial Weathering of Portuguese Granites Exposed to Salt Atmosphere: Variations of Physico-Mechanical Properties. Proceedings of the Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture\u2014SWBSS, Limassol, Cyprus.","key":"ref_39"},{"unstructured":"Oliveira, L.I.A. (2017). Estudo de um Traquito da Regi\u00e3o de Mafra Para Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o Como Rocha Ornamental. [Ph.D Thesis, University of Lisboa].","key":"ref_40"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.044","article-title":"The role of salt fog on alteration of dimension stone","volume":"23","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.548.275","article-title":"Rock Finishing and Response to Salt Fog Atmosphere","volume":"548","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Leal, N., Sim\u00e3o, J.A.R., Gartmann, C., and Silva, Z.C.G. (2015, January 2\u20134). Salt-fog experiments on consolidant and water-repellent treated dimension stones. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering\u2014ICEUBI2015, Covilh\u00e3, Portugal.","key":"ref_43"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.011","article-title":"Rough and polished travertine building stone decay evaluated by a marine aerosol ageing test","volume":"24","author":"Urosevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Costa, D., and Rodrigues, J. (2014, January 14\u201316). Monitoring of the salt mist aging test with DRMS. Proceedings of the Salt Weathering on Buildings and Stone Sculpture\u2014SWBSS, Brussels, Belgium.","key":"ref_45"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.548.3","article-title":"Evaluation of the Portuguese Ornamental Stone Resources","volume":"548","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key. Eng. Mater."},{"unstructured":"Carracedo, J.C., Torrado, F.J.P., Ancochea, E., Meco, J., Hern\u00e1n, F., Cubas, C.R., Castillas, R., Rodriguez Badiola, E., and Ahijado, A. (2002). Cenozoic Volcanism II: The Canary Islands, Geological Society of London.","key":"ref_47"},{"unstructured":"Torrado, F.J.P. (2000, January 5\u20138). Historia geol\u00f3gica de Gran Canaria. Proceedings of the I Jornadas Canarias Geol\u00f3gicas, Las Palmas, Spain.","key":"ref_48"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-023-10957-5","article-title":"A characterisation study of ignimbrites of Tenerife Island employed as building stone","volume":"82","author":"Valido","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Earth. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"15","article-title":"La Ignimbrita de Arico (Tenerife). Mecanismos de emisi\u00f3n y de emplazamiento","volume":"1","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(90)90019-C","article-title":"Volcanic evolution of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the light of new K-Ar data","volume":"44","author":"Ancochea","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3","article-title":"Cronolog\u00eda y evoluci\u00f3n del edificio Ca\u00f1adas, Tenerife, islas Canarias","volume":"111","author":"Ancochea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bol. Geol. Miner."},{"unstructured":"(2007). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Petrographic Examination (Standard No. EN 12407:2007).","key":"ref_53"},{"unstructured":"(2008). Characterization of Waste and Soil\u2014Determination of Elemental Composition by X-ray Fluorescence (Standard No. EN 15309:2008).","key":"ref_54"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(69)90126-4","article-title":"An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples","volume":"33","author":"Norrish","year":"1969","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim Acta."},{"unstructured":"(2007). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Real Density and Apparent Density, and of Total and Open Porosity (Standard No. EN 1936:2007).","key":"ref_56"},{"unstructured":"(2008). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Water Absorption at Atmospheric Pressure (Standard No. EN 13755:2008).","key":"ref_57"},{"unstructured":"(2005). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Sound Speed Propagation (Standard No. EN 14579:2005).","key":"ref_58"},{"unstructured":"(2005). Conservation of cultural property\u2014Test methods\u2014Colour Measurement of Surfaces (Standard No. EN 15886:2005).","key":"ref_59"},{"unstructured":"(2007). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Uniaxial Compressive Strength (Standard No. EN 1926:2007).","key":"ref_60"},{"unstructured":"(2007). Natural Stone Test Methods\u2014Determination of Flexural Strength under Concentrated Load (Standard No. EN 12372:2007).","key":"ref_61"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"383","article-title":"Colour difference \u03b4E\u2014A survey","volume":"20","author":"Mokrzycki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mach. Graph. Vis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/petrology\/27.3.745","article-title":"A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram","volume":"27","author":"Bas","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1180\/mgm.2021.43","article-title":"IMA\u2013CNMNC approved mineral symbols","volume":"85","author":"Warr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mineral. Mag."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/22\/7061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:18:33Z","timestamp":1760131113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/16\/22\/7061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ma16227061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16227061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]}}}