{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:56:32Z","timestamp":1777085792799,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agenda ILLIANCE","award":["C644919832-00000035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035"]}]},{"name":"Agenda ILLIANCE","award":["46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46"]}]},{"name":"Agenda ILLIANCE","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Agenda ILLIANCE","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2013Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU","award":["C644919832-00000035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2013Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU","award":["46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2013Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2013Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia under the Next Generation EU","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","award":["C644919832-00000035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","award":["46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","award":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00481\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA)","award":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00481\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a layer-by-layer process that makes the direct manufacturing of various industrial parts possible. This method facilitates the design and fabrication of complex industrial, advanced, and fine parts that are used in different industry sectors, such as aerospace, medicine, turbines, and jewelry, where the utilization of other fabrication techniques is difficult or impossible. This method is advantageous in terms of dimensional accuracy and fabrication speed. However, the parts fabricated by this method may suffer from faults such as anisotropy, micro-porosity, and defective joints. Metals like titanium, aluminum, stainless steels, superalloys, etc., have been used\u2014in the form of powder or wire\u2014as feed materials in the additive manufacturing of various parts. The main criterion that distinguishes different additive manufacturing processes from each other is the deposition method. With regard to this criterion, AM processes can be divided into four classes: local melting, sintering, sheet forming, and electrochemical methods. Parameters affecting the properties of the additive-manufactured part and the defects associated with an AM process determine the method by which a certain part should be manufactured. This study is a survey of different additive manufacturing processes, their mechanisms, capabilities, shortcomings, and the general properties of the parts manufactured by them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16247514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1701763757000},"page":"7514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A Review of the Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohaddeseh","family":"Tebianian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Aghaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Razavi Jafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6279-6484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed","family":"Elmi Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8342-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA: Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA: Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Farbakhti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6897-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0836-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanming","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Powder-bed additive manufacturing for aerospace application: Techniques, metallic and metal\/ceramic composite materials and trends","volume":"6","author":"Popov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manuf. 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