{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T04:51:07Z","timestamp":1774155067396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.05371.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05371.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KA220-HED-2022-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA220-HED-2022-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Bio-fiber project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021.05371.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.05371.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Bio-fiber project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Bio-fiber project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KA220-HED-2022-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA220-HED-2022-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing concerns about global warming and its impact on the environment reinforce the need for new materials and technologies. Additive manufacturing has become more relevant due to its potential to build sustainable and more energy-efficient constructions. However, the materials employed within the technology are not yet fully sustainable. Researchers employing clay as the main binder have found that, besides protecting the environment, it benefits passive control of indoor temperature and relative humidity and contributes to comfort. The mortar design as well as the necessary technological adaptations for the 3D printing of earth mortars are addressed. From a material perspective, this paper reviewed and analyzed the recent developments in additive manufacturing of clay-based mortars, highlighting the main gaps and providing recommendations for future developments in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17010202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T04:51:51Z","timestamp":1703998311000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Additive Manufacturing of Earth-Based Materials: A Literature Review on Mortar Composition, Extrusion, and Processing Earth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1363-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0372-949X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Department of Civil Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3893-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Earth Mortars from Pre-Historic Habitat Settlements in South Portugal Case Studies","volume":"13","author":"Bruno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Iber. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, September 12). ICOMOS Spain. Available online: https:\/\/icomos.es\/comunicado-sobre-el-terremoto-en-marruecos-y-los-danos-causados-al-patrimonio-arquitectonico\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2021.1953369","article-title":"The State of Earthen Housing Worldwide: How Development Affects Attitudes and Adoption","volume":"50","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Houben, H., Guillaud, H., and Dayre, M. (2006). Trait\u00e9 de Construction en Terre, \u00c9d. Parenth\u00e8ses. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Rigassi, V. (1995). Compressed Earth Blocks: A Publication of Deutsches Zentrum F\u00fcr Entwicklungstechnologien\u2014GATE, a Division of the Deutsche Gesellschaft F\u00fcr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH in Coordination with the Building Advisory Service and Information Network\u2014BASIN. 1: Manual of Production\/Vincent Rigassi, Vieweg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012018","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/296\/1\/012018","article-title":"An Overview on Contemporary Rammed Earth Buildings: Technological Advances in Production, Construction and Material Characterization","volume":"296","author":"Giuffrida","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arduin, D., Caldas, L.R., Paiva, R.D.L.M., and Rocha, F. (2022). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Earth Construction: A Systematic Literature Review Considering Five Construction Techniques. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013228"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.06.009","article-title":"Cob, a Vernacular Earth Construction Process in the Context of Modern Sustainable Building","volume":"106","author":"Hamard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2019.1668986","article-title":"Vernacular Earthen Buildings from Leiria, Portugal\u2014Material Characterization","volume":"15","author":"Parracha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119449","article-title":"Experimental Study on Shrinkage Behaviour of Earth Walling Materials with Fibers and Stabilizer for Cob Building","volume":"256","author":"Sangma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2019.07.021","article-title":"Mineralogical and Microstructural Characterisation of Rammed Earth and Earthen Mortars from 12th Century Paderne Castle","volume":"42","author":"Parracha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hurtado, E., and Eloualid, I. (2023, September 12). Engineered Cast Earth. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/318779416_ENGINEERED_CAST_EARTH?channel=doi&linkId=597e0a18a6fdcc1a9accb0df&showFulltext=true."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Akipek, F.O., and Yazar, T. (2023, September 12). Common Action Walls. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QKFKbCLLX5c."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kloft, H., Loccarini, F., Delille, C., Oechsler, J., and Gosslar, J. (2019). Regionales Bauen Bautechnik|Stampflehmproduktion."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, September 12). Form Earth Free Form Rammed Earth. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/Formearth."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, September 12). ERNE AG Holzbau; Robotic Rammed Earth, Innovation Booster\u2014Circular Building Industry. Available online: https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/feed\/update\/urn:li:activity:6990574421816045568\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Doerfler, K., Ernst, S., Pi\u0161korec, L., Willmann, J., Helm, V., Gramazio, F., and Kohler, M. (2014, January 4\u20136). Remote Material Deposition. Proceedings of the What\u2019s the Matter: Materiality and Materialism at the Age of Computation, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kohler, G., and Ming, C. (2023, September 12). Clay Rotunda\u2014Gramazio Kohler Research, ETH Zurich. Available online: https:\/\/gramaziokohler.arch.ethz.ch\/web\/e\/projekte\/430.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rycke, K., Gengnagel, C., Baverel, O., Burry, J., Mueller, C., Nguyen, M.M., Rahm, P., and Thomsen, M.R. (2018). Humanizing Digital Reality, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6611-5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.46467\/TdD34.2018.80-91","article-title":"Matter-Robotic Calibration for Bioshotcrete","volume":"34","author":"Bravo","year":"2018","journal-title":"TdD"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bonwetsch, T., and Kohler, M. (2017, January 25\u201326). Digitally Fabricating Non-Standardised Brick Walls. Proceedings of the Manubuild 1st International Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.02.008","article-title":"Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials for Building and Construction","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104156","article-title":"Sustainable Materials for 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.104087","article-title":"3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable and Economical Construction: A Comparative Study","volume":"134","author":"Batikha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.085","article-title":"Construction and Demolition Waste Generation and Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Global Perspective","volume":"186","author":"Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daher, J., Kleib, J., Benzerzour, M., Abriak, N.-E., and Aouad, G. (2023). The Development of Soil-Based 3D-Printable Mixtures: A Mix-Design Methodology and a Case Study. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071618"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WASP (2023, September 12). 3D Printed Houses for a Renewed Balance between Environment and Technology\u2014EREMO. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-houses-for-a-renewed-balance-between-environment-and-technology\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"WASP (2023, September 12). The First 3D Printed House with Earth|Gaia. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-house-gaia\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"WASP (2023, September 12). MCA Tecla. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-house-tecla\/."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"WASP, and Tiny, B.E. (2023, September 12). The House of Dust. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/crowdfunding-for-the-house-of-dust\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"WASP, and Chiuri, M.G. (2023, September 12). 3D Prints a Unique Concept Store in Collaboration with Dior. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-pop-up-store-wasp-dior\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Rael, R., Fratello, V.S., Rael, M., Curth, S., Arja, L., and Defelici, D. (2023, September 12). Mud Frontiers: Part II\u2014Emerging Objects. Available online: https:\/\/emergingobjects.com\/project\/mud-frontiers-part-ii\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Rael, R., Fratello, V.S., Rael, M., and Arja, L. (2023, September 12). MudFrontiers Part IV\u2014Emerging Objects. Available online: https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CSIjhkoj1ml\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Rael, R., and Fratello, V.S. (2023, September 12). Casa Covida. Available online: https:\/\/www.rael-sanfratello.com\/made\/casa-covida."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130630","article-title":"Digital Manufacturing for Earth Construction: A Critical Review","volume":"338","author":"Gomaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"WASP (2023, September 12). A\u00eft Ben Haddou\/Clay and 3d Printing. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/ait-ben-haddou-clay-3d-printing\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Giannakopoulos, S. (2023, September 12). Pylos Project- Robotic 3D Printing of Clay. Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia. Available online: https:\/\/iaac.net\/project\/pylos\/."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Chatzivasileiadi, I., and Wardhana, N. (2023, September 12). Digital COBstruction\u20142017\u2014Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RH5g6eA8ng8&t=296s."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-017-0008-0","article-title":"Large-Scale 3D Printing with Cable-Driven Parallel Robots","volume":"1","author":"Izard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Robot"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontovourkis, O., and Tryfonos, G. (2018, January 22). Integrating Parametric Design with Robotic Additive Manufacturing for 3D Clay Printing: An Experimental Study. Proceedings of the 35th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2018\/0128"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rycke, K., Gengnagel, C., Baverel, O., Burry, J., Mueller, C., Nguyen, M.M., Rahm, P., and Thomsen, M.R. (2018). Humanizing Digital Reality, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6611-5"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Chang, Y.-C., Fiore, D., Sevostianov, F., van Stirum, G.L., Refalian, G., Li, Q., Riaz, S.R., and Ye, D. (2023, September 12). Digital Adobe\u2014IAAC. Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia. Available online: https:\/\/iaac.net\/project\/digital-adobe\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veliz Reyes, A., Gomaa, M., Chatzivasileiadi, A., Jabi, W., and Wardhana, N.M. (2018, January 19\u201321). Computing Craft\u2014Early Stage Development of a Robotically-Supported 3D Printing System for Cob Structures. Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference, Lodz, Poland.","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2018.1.791"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.017","article-title":"3D Printing of Earth-Based Materials: Processing Aspects","volume":"172","author":"Perrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"D\u2019Haese, R., Dubois, V., Carpentier, O., Chartier, T., Chafei, S., and Wirquin, E. (2018, January 1\u20133). Composite for Additive Manufacturing Including Flax Byproducts and Quarry Fines. Proceedings of the 2nd EuroMaghr\u00e9bine Conf. BioComposites, Hammamet, Tunis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willmann, J., Block, P., Hutter, M., Byrne, K., and Schork, T. (2019). Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2018, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92294-2"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"184","article-title":"Addition of Bio Based Reinforcement to Improve Workability, Mechanical Properties and Water Resistance of Earth-Based Materials","volume":"37","author":"Rangeard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"41","article-title":"Terra\u2013Ink","volume":"6","author":"Venturi","year":"2019","journal-title":"SPOOL"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"IAAC, and WASP (2023, September 12). 3D Printed Earth Wall with Embedded Staircase. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/3d-printed-wall\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2019.1651688","article-title":"Negotiated Matter: A Robotic Exploration of Craft-Driven Innovation","volume":"62","author":"Jabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2019.1606776","article-title":"Thermal Performance Exploration of 3D Printed Cob","volume":"62","author":"Gomaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2019.1620170","article-title":"Robotic Additive Manufacturing (RAM) with Clay Using Topology Optimization Principles for Toolpath Planning: The Example of a Building Element","volume":"63","author":"Kontovourkis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.103005","article-title":"Robotic 3D Clay Printing of Prefabricated Non-Conventional Wall Components Based on a Parametric-Integrated Design","volume":"110","author":"Kontovourkis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Fratello, V.S., and Rael, R. (2020). Fabricate 2020: Making Resilient Architecture, UCL Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103577","article-title":"3D Printing System for Earth-Based Construction: Case Study of Cob","volume":"124","author":"Gomaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124079","article-title":"Feasibility of 3DP Cob Walls under Compression Loads in Low-Rise Construction","volume":"301","author":"Gomaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, E., Moretti, M., Chiusoli, A., Naldoni, L., De Fabritiis, F., and Vison\u00e0, M. (2021). Rice Husk Shredding as a Means of Increasing the Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Earthen Mixtures for 3D Printing. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202112.0360.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferretti, E., Moretti, M., Chiusoli, A., Naldoni, L., De Fabritiis, F., and Vison\u00e0, M. (2022). Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202112.0357.v2"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126574","article-title":"Experimental Study of 3D Printable Cob Mixtures","volume":"324","author":"Alqenaee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bryson, Z.E., Srubar, W.V., Kawashima, S., and Ben-Alon, L. (2022, January June). Towards 3D Printed Earth and Bio-Based Insulation Materials: A Case Study On Light Straw Clay. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and Technologies, Online."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128556","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Additive Construction: Analysis of the Printability of Earthen-Based Matrices Stabilized with Potato Starch Gel and Sisal Fibers","volume":"347","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Haese, R., Carpentier, O., Dubois, V., Chafei, S., and Wirquin, E. (2022). 3D-Printable Materials Made with Industrial By-Products: Formulation, Fresh and Hardened Properties. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114236"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2022.2154739","article-title":"Earth-Based Additive Manufacturing: A Field-Oriented Methodology for Evaluating Material Printability","volume":"66","author":"Agranati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahal, S., Kaci, A., and Skoudarli, A. (2023). Evaluation of Mechanical Anisotropy Induced by 3D Printing Process for Earth-Based Materials. Mater. Today Proc., S2214785323040622.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.07.192"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132496","article-title":"Sustainable Mixes for 3D Printing of Earth-Based Constructions","volume":"398","author":"Faleschini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.03.011","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing as an Enabling Technology for Digital Construction: A Perspective on Construction 4.0","volume":"103","author":"Craveiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122463","article-title":"Environmental Assessment of Large-Scale 3D Printing in Construction: A Comparative Study between Cob and Concrete","volume":"270","author":"Alhumayani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106097","article-title":"Innovating Materials for Large Scale Additive Manufacturing: Salt, Soil, Cement and Chardonnay","volume":"134","author":"Fratello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Coutinho, B.G., Polvi, F., and Bryson, Z. (2023, September 12). 152 Travessera de Gracia\u2014Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia. Available online: http:\/\/www.iaacblog.com\/programs\/152-travessera-de-gracia\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Endres, E., Mehnert, J., Hildebrand, L., Schweiker, M., Roswag-Klinge, E., and Knaack, U. (2021, January 9). State of the Art and Potentials of Additive Manufactured Earth (AME). Proceedings of the 9th PowerSKIN Conference, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103642","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Analysis of the Viability of 3D-Printed Construction in Remote Environments","volume":"125","author":"Schuldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108240","article-title":"Ten Questions Concerning the Potential of Digital Production and New Technologies for Contemporary Earthen Constructions","volume":"206","author":"Schweiker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2022.10.001","article-title":"A Road Map to Find in 3D Printing a New Design Plasticity for Construction\u2014The State of Art","volume":"12","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103956","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Clay and Ceramic Building Components","volume":"133","author":"Wolf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104918","article-title":"3D Printing Facades: Design, Fabrication, and Assessment Methods","volume":"152","author":"Leschok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132603","article-title":"A Review of Experimental Studies on Cob, Hempcrete, and Bamboo Components and the Call for Transition towards Sustainable Home Building with 3D Printing","volume":"399","author":"Memari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Reddi, L.N., Jain, A.K., and Yun, H.-B. (2012). Modern Earth Buildings, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-020-01208-6","article-title":"Durability of Stabilized Earthen Constructions: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Medvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, P.J. (2013). Structures and Architecture, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15267"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124507","article-title":"Natural Additives and Biopolymers for Raw Earth Construction Stabilization\u2014A Review","volume":"304","author":"Losini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.634.357","article-title":"Ancient Materials and Techniques to Improve the Earthen Building Durability","volume":"634","author":"Eires","year":"2015","journal-title":"KEM"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"IAAC (2023, September 12). Digital Adobe\u2014IAAC Open Thesis Fabrication 2017\u20132018. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sTug99TUYcw&t=212s."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119551","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Rheometric Methods to Evaluate the Build-up of Cementitious Mortars Used for 3D Printing","volume":"257","author":"Moeini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.05.006","article-title":"3D Printing Using Concrete Extrusion: A Roadmap for Research","volume":"112","author":"Buswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9949-4","article-title":"Design of Clay\/Cement Mixtures for Extruded Building Products","volume":"46","author":"Khelifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117578","article-title":"Is Stabilization of Earth Bricks Using Low Cement or Lime Contents Relevant?","volume":"236","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127589","article-title":"Mechanisms for Efficient Clay Dispersing Effect with Tannins and Sodium Hydroxide","volume":"630","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126571","article-title":"Influence of Tannin and Iron Ions on the Water Resistance of Clay Materials","volume":"323","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Vissac, A., Bourg\u00e8s, A., Gandreau, D., Anger, R., and Fontaine, L. (2017). Argiles & Biopolym\u00e8res\u2014Les Stabilisants Naturels Pour la Construction en Terre, CRAterre \u00c9ditions."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-013-0104-7","article-title":"Strength and Creep Behavior of Geomaterials for Building with Tannin Addition","volume":"47","author":"Sorgho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.005","article-title":"Ageing of Clay and Clay\u2013Tannin Geomaterials for Building","volume":"61","author":"Keita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123211","article-title":"Combined and Synergic Effect of Algerian Natural Fibres and Biopolymers on the Reinforcement of Extruded Raw Earth","volume":"289","author":"Benzerara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105780","article-title":"Digital Concrete: A Review","volume":"123","author":"Wangler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.037","article-title":"Testing Pumpability of Concrete Using Sliding Pipe Rheometer","volume":"53","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"WASP (2023, September 12). Clay 3D Printer, Delta WASP 2040. Available online: https:\/\/www.3dwasp.com\/en\/clay-3d-printer-delta-wasp-2040-clay\/."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2023, September 12). 3DPotter 3D Potterbot. Available online: https:\/\/3dpotter.com."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"StoneFlower (2023, September 12). Clay 3D Printer. Available online: https:\/\/www.stoneflower3d.com\/store\/3d-printer-stoneflower\/."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Cerambot (2023, September 12). CERAMBOT, Ceramic Printer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cerambot.com."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"M-Tec (2023, September 12). Building 4.0: Duo-Mix Connect. Available online: https:\/\/m-tec.com\/construction-site-equipment\/machines\/mixing-pumps\/duo-mix-connect\/."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix Design and Fresh Properties for High-Performance Printing Concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106037","article-title":"Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing with Cement-Based Materials\u2014Production Steps, Processes, and Their Underlying Physics: A Review","volume":"132","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102933","article-title":"Large-Scale Digital Concrete Construction\u2014CONPrint3D Concept for on-Site, Monolithic 3D-Printing","volume":"107","author":"Mechtcherine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2003.08.012","article-title":"Automated Construction by Contour Crafting\u2014Related Robotics and Information Technologies","volume":"13","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in Construction-Scale Additive Manufacturing Processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S., Buswell, R., Le, T., Wackrow, R., Austin, S., Gibb, A., and Thorpe, T. (2011, January 29). Development of a Viable Concrete Printing Process. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2011\/0124"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540110365144","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of Contour Crafting Using Ceramics Materials","volume":"7","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2022.100341","article-title":"3D-Printable Quaternary Cementitious Materials towards Sustainable Development: Mixture Design and Mechanical Properties","volume":"13","author":"Hojati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Concrete in Construction: Potentials and Challenges of 3D Concrete Printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, A.U., and Kim, J.-H. (2021). 3D Concrete Printing: A Systematic Review of Rheology, Mix Designs, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Characteristics. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143800"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Lim, S., Le, T., Webster, J., Buswell, R., Austin, S., Gibb, A., and Thorpe, T. (2009, January 13\u201316). Fabricating Construction Components Using Layered Manufacturing Technology. Proceedings of the Global Innovation in Construction Conference, Loughborough, UK. Available online: https:\/\/oro.open.ac.uk\/37889\/."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102904","article-title":"3D Concrete Printing: A Lower Bound Analytical Model for Buildability Performance Quantification","volume":"106","author":"Kruger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104281","article-title":"Digital Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Ultra-High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete","volume":"125","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104024","article-title":"Juxtaposing Fresh Material Characterisation Methods for Buildability Assessment of 3D Printable Cementitious Mortars","volume":"120","author":"Bos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015","article-title":"Cementitious Materials for Construction-Scale 3D Printing: Laboratory Testing of Fresh Printing Mixture","volume":"145","author":"Kazemian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.05.025","article-title":"A Thixotropy Model for Fresh Fluid Concretes: Theory, Validation and Applications","volume":"36","author":"Roussel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106040","article-title":"Improving Printability of Limestone-Calcined Clay-Based Cementitious Materials by Using Viscosity-Modifying Admixture","volume":"132","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.060","article-title":"Correlation between Destructive Compression Tests and Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Measurements on Early Age 3D Printed Concrete","volume":"181","author":"Wolfs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Figueiredo, B., Cruz, P.J.S., Carvalho, J., and Moreira, J. (2019, January 7\u201310). Challenges of 3d Printed Architectural Ceramic Components Structures: Controlling the Shrinkage and Preventing the Cracking. Proceedings of the IASS Annual Symposium 2019\u2014Structural Membranes 2019, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106836","article-title":"Assessing the Fresh Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials: High Potential Tests for Quality Control","volume":"158","author":"Nicolas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.017","article-title":"Hardened Properties of 3D Printed Concrete: The Influence of Process Parameters on Interlayer Adhesion","volume":"119","author":"Wolfs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.3390\/su2103291","article-title":"Cob Construction in Italy: Some Lessons from the Past","volume":"2","author":"Quagliarini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2020.1727064","article-title":"Earth Plasters: The Influence of Clay Mineralogy in the Plasters\u2019 Properties","volume":"14","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Herit."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83297-1_3","article-title":"Hygrothermal and Acoustic Assessment of Earthen Materials","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Fabbri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based Building Materials and Elements"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2023.110415","article-title":"Towards the Determination of Carbon Dioxide Retention in Earthen Materials","volume":"239","author":"McGregor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranesi, A., Faria, P., Veiga, R., and Gall, E.T. (2023). Eco-Efficient Coatings for Healthy Indoors: Ozone Deposition Velocities, Primary and Secondary Emissions, preprint article.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4627033"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123069","article-title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Mortars: A Review on Technical Potential and Drawbacks","volume":"288","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130749","article-title":"Use of Industrial Waste Materials for 3D Printing of Sustainable Concrete: A Review","volume":"340","author":"Dey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.11.109","article-title":"Improving the 3D Printability of High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures via the Use of Nano Attapulgite Clay","volume":"165","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inline Quantification of Extrudability of Cementitious Materials for Digital Construction","volume":"95","author":"Nerella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chaves Figueiredo, S., Yal\u00e7inkaya, \u00c7., \u00c7opuro\u011flu, O., Veer, F., and Schlangen, E. (2019). The Effect of Viscosity-Modifying Admixture on the Extrudability of Limestone and Calcined Clay-Based Cementitious Material for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12091374"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104742","article-title":"3D Printing Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregates: The Influence of Pore Structure on Interlayer Adhesion","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jagoda, J., Diggs-McGee, B., Kreiger, M., and Schuldt, S. (2020). The Viability and Simplicity of 3D-Printed Construction: A Military Case Study. Infrastructures, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/infrastructures5040035"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad, M., Masad, E., and Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2020). 3D Concrete Printing Sustainability: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Four Construction Method Scenarios. Buildings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10120245"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1163-9","article-title":"The Cost Calculation Method of Construction 3D Printing Aligned with Internet of Things","volume":"2018","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Simonson, C.J., Salonvaara, M., and Ojanen, T. (2001). Improving Indoor Climate and Comfort with Wooden Structures, VTT Publications; Technical Research Centre of Finland."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.307","article-title":"Influence of Indoor Environmental Quality on Human Health and Productivity\u2014A Review","volume":"217","author":"Mujan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Tayefi, L. (2023, September 12). Optimizing Geometry via Design to Enhance Its Effect on Passive Ventilation Systems When 3D Printing Unfired Clay. Available online: https:\/\/www.iaacblog.com\/2017\/04\/21\/3d-printing-optimized-passive-ventilation-systems\/."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"POTplus (2023, September 12). Common Action Walls. Available online: http:\/\/potplus.org\/common-action-walls\/."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Fratello, V.S., and Rael, R. (2023, September 12). Cool Brick\u2014Emerging Objects. Available online: https:\/\/emergingobjects.com\/project\/cool-brick\/."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0668.2002.01128.x","article-title":"The Effect of Structures on Indoor Humidity\u2014Possibility to Improve Comfort and Perceived Air Quality: Effect of Structures on Indoor Humidity","volume":"12","author":"Simonson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.173","article-title":"Moisture Buffering Phenomenon and Its Impact on Building Energy Consumption","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.06.010","article-title":"A Field Study of Thermal and Hygric Inertia and Its Effects on Indoor Thermal Comfort: Characterization of Travertine Stone Envelope","volume":"106","author":"Medjelekh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.06.018","article-title":"An Inverse Modelling Approach to Estimate the Hygric Parameters of Clay-Based Masonry during a Moisture Buffer Value Test","volume":"81","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.3390\/heritage4030132","article-title":"Traditional and Modern Plasters for Built Heritage: Suitability and Contribution for Passive Relative Humidity Regulation","volume":"4","author":"Ranesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heritage"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"ELstudio (2023, September 12). Print&Burn 3D Printing with Clay & More. Available online: https:\/\/www.elstudio.nl\/?p=1784."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Fratello, V.S., and Rael, R. (2023, September 12). Involute Wall\u2014Emerging Objects. Available online: https:\/\/emergingobjects.com\/project\/involute-wall\/."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130961","article-title":"Performance of 3D Printed Columns Using Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites","volume":"375","author":"Atkinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127601","article-title":"Development of 3D Printable Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites","volume":"337","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2022.115266","article-title":"Structural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams with 3D Printed Cement-Based Sensor Embedded and Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birgin, H.B., D\u2019Alessandro, A., Meoni, A., and Ubertini, F. (2023). Self-Sensing Eco-Earth Composite with Carbon Microfibers for Sustainable Smart Buildings. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7020063"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2023.100168","article-title":"A New Smart Sustainable Earth-Cement Composite Doped by Carbon Microfibers with Self-Sensing Properties","volume":"14","author":"Birgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121659","article-title":"Development of Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites Incorporating CNF and Hybrid CNF\/CF","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.003","article-title":"Self Sensing Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Nanofiber (CNF) Cementitious Composites for Real Time Damage Assessment in Smart Structures","volume":"53","author":"Aza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998318764809","article-title":"Electrical and Piezoresistive Properties of Cement Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials","volume":"52","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.103962","article-title":"Multifunctional Cementitious Composites with Integrated Self-Sensing and Hydrophobic Capacities toward Smart Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"118","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:44:39Z","timestamp":1760132679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/1\/202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17010202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17010202","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]}}}