{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:26:46Z","timestamp":1774729606913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02\/C12-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12-i01\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), Next Generation EU","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR), Next Generation EU","award":["02\/C12-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12-i01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid by-products with lignocellulosic structures are considered appropriate substrates for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce enzymes with diverse industrial applications. In this work, brewer\u2019s spent grain (BSG), rice husk (RH), and vine shoot trimmings (VSTs) were employed as substrates in SSF with Aspergillus niger CECT 2088 to produce cellulases, xylanases, and amylases. The addition of 2% (NH4)2SO4 and 1% K2HPO4 to by-products had a positive effect on enzyme production. Substrate particle size influenced enzyme activity and the overall highest activities were achieved at the largest particle size (10 mm) of BSG and RH and a size of 4 mm for VSTs. Optimal substrate composition was predicted using a simplex centroid mixture design. The highest activities were obtained using 100% BSG for \u03b2-glucosidase (363 U\/g) and endo-1,4-\u03b2-glucanase (189 U\/g), 87% BSG and 13% RH for xylanase (627 U\/g), and 72% BSG and 28% RH for amylase (263 U\/g). Besides the optimal values found, mixtures of BSG with RH or VSTs proved to be alternative substrates to BSG alone. These findings demonstrate that SSF bioprocessing of BSG individually or in mixtures with RH and VSTs is an efficient and sustainable strategy to produce enzymes of significant industrial interest within the circular economy guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:50:22Z","timestamp":1708498222000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rice Husk, Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain, and Vine Shoot Trimmings as Raw Materials for Sustainable Enzyme Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2219-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana S.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Technological Centre for the Textile and Clothing Industry, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6830-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Belo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2009, January 12\u201313). 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