{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:55:09Z","timestamp":1768341309772,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cutlnov-Development of new aesthetics for cutlery by new technologies","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-017828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-017828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutlery and flatware designs are an everchanging phenomenon of the manufacturing industry. Worldwide hospitality businesses demand perpetual evolution in terms of aesthetics, designs, patterns, colours, and materials due to customers\u2019 demands, modernisation, and fierce competition. To thrive in this competitive market, modern fabrication techniques must be flexible, adoptive, fast, and cost effective. For decades, static designs and trademark patterns were achieved through moulds, limiting production to a single cutlery type per mould. However, with the advent of laser engraving and design systems, the whole business of cutlery production has been revolutionised. This study explores the possibility of creating diverse designs for stainless steel 304 flatware sets without changing the entire production process. The research analyses three key laser process parameters, power, scanning speed, and number of passes, and their impacts on the resulting geometry, depth of cut, surface roughness, and material removed. These parameters are comprehensively studied and analysed for steel and zirconia ceramic. The study details the effects of power, scanning speed, number of passages, and fluence on engraved geometry. Fluence (power*number of passages\/scanning speed) positively influences outputs and presents a positive trend. Medium power settings and higher scanning speeds with the maximum number of passages produce high-quality, low-roughness optimised cavities with the ideal geometric accuracy for both materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17102452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1716186718000},"page":"2452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Experimental Parametric Optimisation for Laser Engraving and Texturing to Integrate Zirconia Ceramic Blocks into Stainless Steel Cutlery: A State-of-the-Art Aesthetically Improved Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vipin","family":"Richhariya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Filipe Samuel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azur\u00e9m, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38704-4_7","article-title":"Empowering SMEs with Cyber-Physical Production Systems: From Modelling a Polishing Process of Cutlery Production to CPPS Experimentation","volume":"864","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13411-015-0036-y","article-title":"Cutlery Matters: Heavy Cutlery Enhances Diners\u2019 Enjoyment of the Food Served in a Realistic Dining Environment","volume":"4","author":"Michel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Flavour"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126355","article-title":"Biomimetic Superhydrophobic and Antibacterial Stainless-Steel Mesh via Double-Potentiostatic Electrodeposition and Modification","volume":"403","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2023.104996","article-title":"When Visual Cues Influence Taste\/Flavour Perception: A Systematic Review","volume":"111","author":"Motoki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, C.M.P., Chandrashekarappa, M.P.G., Kulkarni, R.M., Pimenov, D.Y., and Giasin, K. (2021). The Effect of Zn and Zn\u2013Wo3 Composites Nano-Coatings Deposition on Hardness and Corrosion Resistance in Steel Substrate. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092253"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133298","article-title":"Novel Anticorrosive Coatings Based on Nanocomposites of Epoxy, Chitosan, and Silver","volume":"330","author":"Deyab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1134\/S2070205119060054","article-title":"Effect of Boron Added Corrosion Behavior of Cast 304 Stainless Steel","volume":"55","author":"Cetin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surfaces"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.139829","article-title":"Microstructure Evolution and Adiabatic Heating during Dynamic Biaxial Deformation of a 304 Stainless Steel","volume":"793","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2020.105809","article-title":"On the Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation Process of the Commercial AISI 304 Stainless Steel during Cyclic Loading","volume":"140","author":"Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2022.104763","article-title":"How Colour Influences Taste Perception in Adult Picky Eaters","volume":"105","author":"Annette","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626227","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.626227","article-title":"Insight on Current Advances in Food Science and Technology for Feeding the World Population","volume":"5","author":"Valoppi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105854","article-title":"Recent Progress on Surface Texturing and Solid Lubricants in Tribology: Designs, Properties, and Mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40544-021-0589-y","article-title":"Tailored Surface Textures to Increase Friction\u2014A Review","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Friction"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2018.1512119","article-title":"Performance of Surface-Textured End-Mill Insert on AISI 1045 Steel","volume":"34","author":"Arumugaprabu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teo, A.Q.A., Yan, L., Chaudhari, A., and O\u2019neill, G.K. (2021). Post-Processing and Surface Characterization of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316l Lattice: Implications for Biomedical Use. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14061376"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanaullah, I., Bukhari, B.S., Batool, T., Riaz, S., Khan, H.N., Sabri, A.N., and Naseem, S. (2020). Antibacterial Performance of Glucose-Fructose Added MW Based Zirconia Coatings\u2014Possible Treatment for Bone Infection. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103621"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammami, I., Gavinho, S.R., P\u00e1dua, A.S., S\u00e1-Nogueira, I., Silva, J.C., Borges, J.P., Valente, M.A., and Gra\u00e7a, M.P.F. (2023). Bioactive Glass Modified with Zirconium Incorporation for Dental Implant Applications: Fabrication, Structural, Electrical, and Biological Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310571"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01367-9","article-title":"Green Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Biomedical and Environmental Applications: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, K., Wang, G., Guo, S., Liu, J., Qu, W., Liu, N., Wang, H., Ji, J., Chu, P.K., and Gu, B. (2020). High-Potential Surface on Zirconia Ceramics for Bacteriostasis and Biocompatibility. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 193.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111074"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30575","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04555B","article-title":"Investigation on the Physical Properties and Biocompatibility of Zirconia-Alumina-Silicate@diopside Composite Materials and Its in Vivo Toxicity Study in Embryonic Zebrafish","volume":"13","author":"Rittidach","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110752","article-title":"Nanocomposites of Graphene and Zirconia for Adsorption of Organic-Arsenic Drugs: Performances Comparison and Analysis of Adsorption Behavior","volume":"195","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111653","article-title":"Tangerine Mediated Synthesis of Zirconia as Potential Protective Dental Coatings","volume":"120","author":"Sanaullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.09.214","article-title":"Bioceramic Composites for Orthopaedic Applications: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanical, Biological, and Microstructural Properties","volume":"47","author":"Shekhawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.03.167","article-title":"Structure, Drug Absorption, Bioactive and Antibacterial Properties of Sol-Gel SiO2\/ZrO2 Materials","volume":"46","author":"Catauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15973","article-title":"Advances of Plant and Biomass Extracted Zirconium Nanoparticles in Dental Implant Application","volume":"9","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-13295-3","article-title":"Study on Helical Milling of Small Holes in Zirconia Ceramics with PCD Tools","volume":"131","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.02.003","article-title":"Strength-Limiting Damage and Defects of Dental CAD\/CAM Full-Contour Zirconia Ceramics","volume":"40","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Du, J., Su, J., Geng, J., Duan, L., and He, W. (2024). Research Advances on Primary Machining Technologies of Zirconia Ceramics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.131","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Zirconia Ceramics: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100736","article-title":"Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ceramic Materials","volume":"116","author":"Lakhdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, G., Zhang, Y., Jin, C., Zhang, Q., Lu, J., Liu, Z., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., and Ma, J. (2023). 3D Printed Zirconia Used as Dental Materials: A Critical Review. J. Biol. Eng., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-023-00396-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, D., Henriques, B., Souza, A.C., Silva, F.S., and Carvalho, O. (2020). Laser-Assisted Production of HAp-Coated Zirconia Structured Surfaces for Biomedical Applications. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104049"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"168","article-title":"Ablation Characteristics of Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics on Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Machining","volume":"14","author":"Ackerl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Laser Micro Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012124","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/469\/1\/012124","article-title":"Parametric Study of Laser Engraving Process of AISI 304 Stainless Steel by Utilizing Fiber Laser System","volume":"469","author":"Romlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2021.103783","article-title":"Influence of Power Density and Frequency of the Process of Laser Marking of Steel Products","volume":"116","author":"Lazov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06073-4","article-title":"Laser Texturing of AISI 304 Stainless Steel: Experimental Analysis and Genetic Algorithm Optimisation to Control the Surface Wettability","volume":"110","author":"Genna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-05523-8","article-title":"Influence of WC Particle on the Metallurgical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Behavior of AlFeCuCrCoNi-WCx High-Entropy Alloy Coatings","volume":"30","author":"Vyas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/17436753.2019.1667111","article-title":"Optimisation of Scanning Parameters in Stereolithography for Dental Zirconia Ceramic Fabrication","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.10.159","article-title":"A Critical Review on Sintering and Mechanical Processing of 3Y-TZP Ceramics","volume":"49","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.007","article-title":"Ultrashort-Pulsed Laser Machining of Dental Ceramic Implants","volume":"39","author":"Ackerl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2020.11.031","article-title":"Experimental Investigation on Green Ceramic Machining with Nanosecond Laser Source","volume":"61","author":"Demarbaix","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dondieu, S.D., Wlodarczyk, K.L., Harrison, P., Rosowski, A., Gabzdyl, J., Reuben, R.L., and Hand, D.P. (2020). Process Optimization for 100 w Nanosecond Pulsed Fiber Laser Engraving of 316l Grade Stainless Steel. J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp4040110"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.02.074","article-title":"Fabrication of Micro-Scale Textured Grooves on Green ZrO2 Ceramics by Pulsed Laser Ablation","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.08.019","article-title":"Femtosecond Laser Multi-Patterning of Zirconia for Screening of Cell-Surface Interactions","volume":"38","author":"Stanciuc","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149020","article-title":"Rationally Designed Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Patterning of Zirconia-Based Ceramics Tailored for the Bone-Implant Interface","volume":"545","author":"Ackerl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119836","article-title":"Enhancing Tool Life, and Reducing Power Consumption and Surface Roughness in Milling Processes by Nanolubricants and Laser Surface Texturing","volume":"253","author":"Montemayor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2021.102479","article-title":"Micro Engraving on 316L Stainless Steel Orthopedic Implant Using Fiber Laser","volume":"63","author":"Pattanayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2020.04.012","article-title":"Simple and Fast Surface Modification of Nanosecond-Pulse Laser-Textured Stainless Steel for Robust Superhydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"69","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.130","article-title":"Analyzing the Effect of the Parameters of Laser Etching Process Influencing the Corrosion Resistance and Surface Roughness of Marine Grade 316 Stainless Steel","volume":"32","author":"Korakana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.103606","article-title":"The Effect of Femtosecond Laser Fluence and Pitches between V-Shaped Microgrooves on the Dynamics of Capillary Flow","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results Phys."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/10\/2452\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:44:49Z","timestamp":1760107489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/10\/2452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17102452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17102452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]]}}}