{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:05:31Z","timestamp":1774314331517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR)","award":["ERA-MIN3\/140\/Recycl3D\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN3\/140\/Recycl3D\/2022"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR)","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR)","award":["ERA-MIN3\/0001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN3\/0001\/2021"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["ERA-MIN3\/140\/Recycl3D\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN3\/140\/Recycl3D\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["ERA-MIN3\/0001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-MIN3\/0001\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the new potential strategy of using fine recycled aggregates (fRA) derived from waste 3D printed concrete (3DPC) as a substitute for cement in additive manufacturing. This study hypothesizes that fRA can optimize mixture design, reduce cement content, and contribute to sustainable construction practices. Experimental programs were conducted to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties, printability window, and buildability of 3DPC mixes containing fRA. Mixes with replacement rates of cement with fRA by 10 vol%, 20 vol%, 30 vol%, 40 vol%, and 50 vol% were produced. A comprehensive experimental protocol consisting of rheological studies (static and dynamic yield stress), dynamic elastic modulus determination (first 24 h of hydration), flexural and compressive strengths (2 d and 28 d), and an open porosity test was performed. The obtained results were verified by printing tests. In addition, an economic and environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of the mixes was performed. The results indicate that up to 50 vol% cement replacement with fRA is feasible, albeit with some technical drawbacks. While fRA incorporation enhances sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions and material costs, it adversely affects the printability window, green strength, setting time, and mechanical properties, particularly in the initial curing stages. Therefore, with higher replacement rates (above 20 vol%), potential optimization efforts are needed to mitigate drawbacks such as reduced green strength and buildability. Notably, replacement rates of up to 20 vol% can be successfully used without compromising the overall material properties or altering the mixture design. The LCA analysis shows that reducing the cement content and increasing the fRA addition results in a significant reduction in mix cost (up to 24%) and a substantial decrease in equivalent CO2 emissions (up to 48%). In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of fRA as a sustainable alternative to cement in 3D printed concrete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:14:07Z","timestamp":1716804847000},"page":"2580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Potential of Reusing 3D Printed Concrete (3DPC) Fine Recycled Aggregates as a Strategy towards Decreasing Cement Content in 3DPC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2918-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Skibicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Federowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Chougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sibera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Cendrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Techman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Nuno","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS\/c5Lab\u2014Sustainable Construction Materials Association, Edif\u00edcio Central Park, Rua Central Park 6, 2795-242 Linda-a-Velha, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Liard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sika Technology AG\u2014Central Research, T\u00fcffenwies 16, 8064 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118576","article-title":"Effect of natural pozzolan and recycled concrete aggregates on thermal and physico-mechanical characteristics of self-compacting concrete","volume":"247","author":"Omrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134543","article-title":"Integrating construction and demolition waste impact categories into building energy optimization through a conceptual sustainability-oriented model","volume":"378","author":"Abbasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EUROSTAT (2022). ENV_WAS: European Statistics on Waste, EUROSTAT."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123832","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004657","article-title":"Microstructural and Macroperformance of Recycled Mortar with High-Quality Recycled Aggregate and Powder from High-Performance Concrete Waste","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132477","article-title":"Sustainable development of eco-friendly ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): Cost, carbon emission, and structural ductility","volume":"398","author":"Amran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.240","article-title":"A review of recycled aggregate in concrete applications (2000\u20132017)","volume":"172","author":"Tam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Q., Zou, S., Xi, Y., and Singh, A. (2023). Development and Characteristic of 3D-Printable Mortar with Waste Glass Powder. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061476"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaszy\u0144ska, M., Skibicki, S., and Hoffmann, M. (2020). 3D Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13236351"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Pacheco, J., Santos, K., Sikora, P., Skibicki, S., Techman, M., Federowicz, K., Reales, O., Vieira, M., Leporace-Guimil, B., and To\u0161i\u0107, N. (2023). Recycled Aggregates and 3D printing technology: Production requirements, printability and way forward (Recycl3D project report D.1.1.) (1.0). Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104311","article-title":"3D printable concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates: Rheological, mechanical and shrinkage behaviour","volume":"125","author":"Rahul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104800","article-title":"Sustainable 3D printed mortar with CO2 pretreated recycled fine aggregates","volume":"134","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103724","article-title":"Hardened properties of layered 3D printed concrete with recycled sand","volume":"113","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skibicki, S., Jakubowska, P., Kaszy\u0144ska, M., Sibera, D., Cendrowski, K., and Hoffmann, M. (2021). Early-Age Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Mortar with Spent Garnet. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010100"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101779","article-title":"3D recycled mortar printing: System development, process design, material properties and on-site printing","volume":"32","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118654","article-title":"Mechanical behavior of 3D printed mortar with recycled sand at early ages","volume":"248","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141841","article-title":"Combine use of 100% thermoactivated recycled cement and recycled aggregate for fully recycled mortar: Properties evaluation and modification","volume":"450","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117622","article-title":"Rheological properties of mortar containing recycled powders from construction and demolition wastes","volume":"237","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, J., and de Brito, J. (2021). Recycled Aggregates Produced from Construction and Demolition Waste for Structural Concrete: Constituents, Properties and Production. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195748"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"661","article-title":"Hydration mechanism and mechanical properties of a developed low-carbon and lightweight strain-hardening cementitious composites","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122115","article-title":"Utilization of recycled concrete fines and powders to produce alkali-activated slag concrete blocks","volume":"267","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elyasigorji, F., Farajiani, F., Hajipour Manjili, M., Lin, Q., Elyasigorji, S., Farhangi, V., and Tabatabai, H. (2023). Comprehensive Review of Direct and Indirect Pozzolanic Reactivity Testing Methods. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13112789"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.017","article-title":"New insights from reactivity testing of supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"103","author":"Suraneni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103742","article-title":"Linking reactivity test outputs to properties of cementitious pastes made with supplementary cementitious materials","volume":"114","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(1999). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by Flow Table). Standard No. EN 1015-3:1999."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2023.100248","article-title":"Recycled brick aggregates in one-part alkali-activated materials: Impact on 3D printing performance and material properties","volume":"16","author":"Chougan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Elrahman, M., Chung, S.-Y., Sikora, P., Rucinska, T., and Stephan, D. (2019). Influence of Nanosilica on Mechanical Properties, Sorptivity, and Microstructure of Lightweight Concrete. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12193078"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020). Methods of Test for Mortar for Masonry\u2014Part 11: Determination of Flexural and Compressive Strength of Hardened Mortar. Standard No. EN 1015-11:2020."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019). Sustainability of Construction Works. Environmental Product Declarations. Core Rules for the Product Category of Construction Products. Standard No. EN 15804:2012+A2:2019."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2024, March 04). Ecoinvent LCA Database v3.8. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. Retrieved from SimaPro Software. Available online: https:\/\/ecoinvent.org\/database\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.127443","article-title":"The effect of using recycled PET aggregates on mechanical and durability properties of 3D printed mortar","volume":"335","author":"Skibicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos, F.P., Lucas, S.S., Wolfs, R.J.M., and Salet, T.A.M. (2020). Properties of Composite Modified with Limestone Powder for 3D Concrete Printing. Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49916-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118286","article-title":"Effect of testing procedures on buildability properties of 3D-printable concrete","volume":"245","author":"Casagrande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102718","article-title":"3D printable lightweight cementitious composites with incorporated waste glass aggregates and expanded microspheres\u2014Rheological, thermal and mechanical properties","volume":"44","author":"Cuevas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108800","article-title":"Rheology and application of buoyant foam concrete for digital fabrication","volume":"215","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sikora, P., Skibicki, S., Federowicz, K., Hoffmann, M., Sibera, D., Cendrowski, K., Techman, M., and Pacheco, J. (2023, January 10\u201312). Optimization of mixture design of 3D printable concrete produced with recycled aggregates from 3D printed concrete waste. Proceedings of the V International Conference Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment, Weimar, Germany."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"CEMBUREAU (2010). Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) according to EN 15804 and ISO 14025, The European Cement Association. Portland Cement (CEM I) Produced in Europe."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.09.124","article-title":"Comparative environmental life-cycle analysis of concretes using biomass and coal fly ashes as partial cement replacement material","volume":"112","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2024, March 04). Bistyp. Informative Price List of Building Materials. Estimated Labor and Equipment Rental Rates. 3rd Quarter of the Year 2023. Available online: https:\/\/sip.lex.pl."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kurda, R. (2017). Sustainable Development of Cement-Based Materials: Application to Recycled Aggregates Concrete. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201000026","article-title":"Life cycle assessments of concrete structures\u2014A step towards environmental savings","volume":"12","author":"Fiala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"EPD International AB (2021). Environmental Product Declaration in Accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 for Recycled Aggregate Products from Argent Materials Inc., EPD International."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"EPD Ireland (2020). Environmental Product Declaration as per ISO 14025 and EN 15804+A1: Recycled Aggregates from Greenstone Recycling, IMS Site Services Ltd."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"EPDI Australasia (2022). Environmental Product Declaration in Accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 for Recycled Crushed Concrete Aggregates from Green Vision Recycling, EPDI Australasia."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"EPD Italy (2023). Environmental Product Declaration in Accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+ A2:2019 for Aggregato Riciclato\u2014CIAT, S.P.A, EPD Italy."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"GlobalEPD (2022). Declaraci\u00f3n Ambiental de Producto: ISO 14025:2010 and EN 15804:2012+ A2:2020 for \u00c1ridos Reciclados for Federaci\u00f3n de \u00c1ridos, EPD International. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"S\u00dcGB (2018). Environmental Product Declaration According to ISO 14025 and EN 1580: Average EPD for Aggregates, S\u00dcGB. Owner of the Declaration: Association of the Swiss Aggregate and Concrete Industry (ASAC)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Della (2024, April 01). Della\u2014Truck Transport. Available online: https:\/\/della.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.06.057","article-title":"Compared environmental and economic impact from cradle to gate of concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates","volume":"162","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, A.B., Pacheco, J.N., Silvestre, J.D., Martins, I.M., and de Brito, J. (2021). Environmental and Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Coarse Aggregates: A Portuguese Case Study. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14185452"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.02.001","article-title":"Early age mechanical behaviour of 3D printed concrete: Numerical modelling and experimental testing","volume":"106","author":"Wolfs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.02.040","article-title":"Mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of early age concrete in the context of digital construction","volume":"165","author":"Panda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12055","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1022\/1\/012055","article-title":"Initial properties of 3D printing concrete using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement","volume":"1022","author":"Samad","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109093","article-title":"The effect of interlayer adhesion on stress distribution in 3D printed beam elements","volume":"87","author":"Skibicki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128585","article-title":"A study on properties, static and dynamic elastic modulus of recycled concrete under the influence of modified fly ash","volume":"347","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhou, Y., and Yin, F. (2022). A Practical Equation for the Elastic Modulus of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12020187"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912412","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/912412","article-title":"Pore Structure and Influence of Recycled Aggregate Concrete on Drying Shrinkage","volume":"2013","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.037","article-title":"Utilization of fine recycled aggregates in concrete with fly ash and steel slag","volume":"50","author":"Anastasiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"81","article-title":"Strength, Porosity and Permeability Properties of Porous Concrete Made from Recycled Concrete Aggregates","volume":"3","author":"Muda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skibicki, S., Techman, M., Federowicz, K., Olczyk, N., and Hoffmann, M. (2021). Experimental Study of Hardened Young\u2019s Modulus for 3D Printed Mortar. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247643"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2580\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:04Z","timestamp":1760107744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/11\/2580"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17112580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17112580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]}}}