{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:11:00Z","timestamp":1768705860711,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["8887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8887.571867\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CAPES PrInt","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES PrInt","award":["8887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8887.571867\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"CAPES PrInt","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"]}]},{"name":"CAPES PrInt","award":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N)","award":["8887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8887.571867\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"]}]},{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N)","award":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["8887.571867\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8887.571867\/2020-00"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/03673\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the biocompatibility and bioactivity of biodegradable iron-based materials, nanostructured surfaces formed by metal oxides offer a promising strategy for surface functionalization. To explore this potential, iron oxide nanotubes were synthesized on pure iron (Fe) using an anodic oxidation process (50 V\u201330 min, using an ethylene glycol solution containing 0.3% NH4F and 3% H2O, at a speed of 100 rpm). A nanotube layer composed mainly of \u03b1-Fe2O3 with diameters between 60 and 70 nm was obtained. The effect of the Fe-oxide nanotube layer on cell viability and morphology was evaluated by in vitro studies using a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOs-2 cells). The results showed that the presence of this layer did not harm the viability or morphology of the cells. Furthermore, cells cultured on anodized surfaces showed higher metabolic activity than those on non-anodized surfaces. This research suggests that growing a layer of Fe oxide nanotubes on pure Fe is a promising method for functionalizing and improving the cytocompatibility of iron substrates. This opens up new opportunities for biomedical applications, including the development of cardiovascular stents or osteosynthesis implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17153627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1721744810000},"page":"3627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanotubes Obtained by Anodic Oxidation for Biomedical Applications\u2014In Vitro Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia Reis","family":"Rangel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira 15385-007, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0126-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luiz Reis","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering, Ilha Solteira 15385-007, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Kerolene Barboza","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1, S\u00e3o Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9399-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L\u00facia do Amaral","family":"Escada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1, S\u00e3o Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier Andres Munoz","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent System Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Comfacauca-Unicomfacauca, Popay\u00e1n 190003, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1tima Raquel","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-6129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui L.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7052-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3B\u2019s Research Group, I3Bs\u2014Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s\u2014PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Rosifini Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Engineering and Sciences, Guaratinguet\u00e1, S\u00e3o Paulo 01049-010, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eliaz, N. (2019). Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials: A Review. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030407"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001","article-title":"Biodegradable metals","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.17222\/mit.2014.129","article-title":"Comparative mechanical and corrosion studies on magnesium, zinc and iron alloys as biodegradable metals","volume":"49","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Tehnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-017-9023-9","article-title":"Degradable, absorbable or resorbable\u2014What is the best grammatical modifier for an implant that is eventually absorbed by the body?","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermawan, H. (2012). Biodegradable Metals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31170-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2021.109278","article-title":"Corrosion behavior of biodegradable metals in two different simulated physiological solutions: Comparison of Mg, Zn and Fe","volume":"182","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12074250","article-title":"Biodegradable Metals for Cardiovascular Stent Application: Interests and New Opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Moravej","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asgari, M., Hang, R., Wang, C., Yu, Z., Li, Z., and Xiao, Y. (2018). Biodegradable Metallic Wires in Dental and Orthopedic Applications: A Review. Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8040212"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-015-5473-8","article-title":"Iron and iron-based alloys for temporary cardiovascular applications","volume":"26","author":"Francis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0105sior, G., Szczepa\u0144ski, J., and Radtke, A. (2021). Biodegradable Iron-Based Materials\u2014What Was Done and What More Can Be Done?. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14123381"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2014.08.014","article-title":"Progress of biodegradable metals","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witte, F. (2020). Biodegradable Metals. Biomaterials Science, Elsevier. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816137-1.00021-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-018-0091-4","article-title":"Updates on the research and development of absorbable metals for biomedical applications","volume":"7","author":"Hermawan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.5.563","article-title":"A novel approach to temporary stenting: Degradable cardiovascular stents produced from corrodible metal\u2014Results 6\u201318 months after implantation into New Zealand white rabbits","volume":"86","author":"Peuster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.05.029","article-title":"Long-term biocompatibility of a corrodible peripheral iron stent in the porcine descending aorta","volume":"27","author":"Peuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23627","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23627","article-title":"Uniform and accelerated degradation of pure iron patterned by Pt disc arrays","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loffredo, S., Paternoster, C., and Mantovani, D. (2019). Iron-Based Degradable Implants. Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.11023-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6402","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB01951J","article-title":"Novel Fe\u2013Mn\u2013Si\u2013Pd alloys: Insights into mechanical, magnetic, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility performances","volume":"4","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.11.001","article-title":"Effects of alloying elements (Mn, Co, Al, W, Sn, B, C and S) on biodegradability and in vitro biocompatibility of pure iron","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.11.025","article-title":"Fe\u2013Mn alloys for metallic biodegradable stents: Degradation and cell viability studies","volume":"6","author":"Hermawan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.10.013","article-title":"Degradation performance of biodegradable FeMnC(Pd) alloys","volume":"33","author":"Schinhammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.12.092","article-title":"In vitro degradation behavior of Fe\u201320Mn\u20131.2C alloy in three different pseudo-physiological solutions","volume":"61","author":"Mouzou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s40195-018-0702-z","article-title":"Design of Fe\u2013Mn\u2013Ag Alloys as Potential Candidates for Biodegradable Metals","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, K., Liu, W., Zheng, Z., and Zhao, M. (2022). Grain Growth upon Annealing and Its Influence on Biodegradation Rate for Pure Iron. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15228030"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, F.L., Zheng, Y.F., Wei, S.C., Hu, C., and Yang, G. (2010). In vitro corrosion, cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility of bulk nanocrystalline pure iron. Biomed. Mater., 5.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/5\/6\/065015"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.01.008","article-title":"Electroformed pure iron as a new biomaterial for degradable stents: In vitro degradation and preliminary cell viability studies","volume":"6","author":"Moravej","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1179\/174329008X284868","article-title":"Iron\u2013manganese: New class of metallic degradable biomaterials prepared by powder metallurgy","volume":"51","author":"Hermawan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Powder Metall."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.10.023","article-title":"In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of Fe\u2013Pd and Fe\u2013Pt composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.100","article-title":"A novel high-strength and highly corrosive biodegradable Fe-Pd alloy: Structural, mechanical and in vitro corrosion and cytotoxicity study","volume":"79","author":"Lipov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-017-4458-2","article-title":"Martensitic Transformations and Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Fe-Mn-Si Alloys for Biodegradable Medical Implants","volume":"49","author":"Drevet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.07.019","article-title":"Fabrication of iron oxide nanotube arrays by electrochemical anodization","volume":"88","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2008.11.033","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Fe\u2013O films synthesized by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition","volume":"203","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34882","article-title":"Microstructure, mechanical property, biodegradation behavior, and biocompatibility of biodegradable Fe-Fe2O3 composites","volume":"102","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.01.051","article-title":"In vitro corrosion behavior and cytocompatibility of pure Fe implanted with Ta","volume":"320","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbw020","article-title":"Accelerating degradation rate of pure iron by zinc ion implantation","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.12.021","article-title":"Biodegradable nanostructures: Degradation process and biocompatibility of iron oxide nanostructured arrays","volume":"85","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.10.001","article-title":"Metallic implant biomaterials","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.26701\/ems.820904","article-title":"A preliminary Investigation of Surface Micro Modification Effects on the Biocompatibility of 316L Stainless Steel","volume":"5","author":"Toker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2019.07.024","article-title":"Materials evolution of bone plates for internal fixation of bone fractures: A review","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1039\/b822726h","article-title":"Self-ordering electrochemistry: A review on growth and functionality of TiO2 nanotubes and other self-aligned MOx structures","volume":"20","author":"Ghicov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S65866","article-title":"Nanotubular surface modification of metallic implants via electrochemical anodization technique","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.08.066","article-title":"A novel local drug delivery system: Superhydrophobic titanium oxide nanotube arrays serve as the drug reservoir and ultrasonication functions as the drug release trigger","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.09.073","article-title":"Controlled hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of iron oxide nanostructures synthesized by electrochemical anodization: Effect of the electrode rotation speed","volume":"392","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.07.012","article-title":"An investigation on room temperature synthesis of vertically oriented arrays of iron oxide nanotubes by anodization of iron","volume":"55","author":"Rangaraju","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.07.022","article-title":"Influence of annealing temperature on the morphology and the supercapacitance behavior of iron oxide nanotube (Fe-NT)","volume":"272","author":"Sarma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.07.156","article-title":"Effects of anodizing conditions and annealing temperature on the morphology and crystalline structure of anodic oxide layers grown on iron","volume":"426","author":"Pawlik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obayi, C.S., Tolouei, R., Mostavan, A., Paternoster, C., Turgeon, S., Okorie, B.A., Obikwelu, D.O., and Mantovani, D. (2014). Effect of grain sizes on mechanical properties and biodegradation behavior of pure iron for cardiovascular stent application. Biomatter, 6.","DOI":"10.4161\/21592527.2014.959874"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.09.086","article-title":"In vitro corrosion properties and cytocompatibility of Fe-Ga alloys as potential biodegradable metallic materials","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.200802285","article-title":"High aspect ratio, self-ordered iron oxide nanopores formed by anodization of Fe in ethylene glycol\/NH4F electrolytes","volume":"3","author":"Albu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi (RRL)\u2013Rapid Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275401","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/48\/27\/275401","article-title":"Fabrication of drug eluting implants: Study of drug release mechanism from titanium dioxide nanotubes","volume":"48","author":"Hamlekhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110520","article-title":"Cellular different responses to different nanotube inner diameter on surface of pure tantalum","volume":"109","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB02634F","article-title":"Rapamycin-loaded nanoporous \u03b1-Fe2O3 as an endothelial favorable and thromboresistant coating for biodegradable drug-eluting Fe stent applications","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"222","article-title":"Modification of the Ti15Mo alloy surface through TiO2 nanotube growth\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Rangel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1021\/jp048748h","article-title":"Infrared- and Raman-Active Phonons of Magnetite, Maghemite, and Hematite: A Computer Simulation and Spectroscopic Study","volume":"109","author":"Chamritski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-230","article-title":"Hydrothermal phase transformation of hematite to magnetite","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4555(199711)28:11<873::AID-JRS177>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides","volume":"28","author":"Silva","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1021\/am1004943","article-title":"Vibrational Spectroscopic Characterization of Hematite, Maghemite, and Magnetite Thin Films Produced by Vapor Deposition","volume":"2","author":"Jubb","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2018.03.046","article-title":"Influence of electrolyte temperature on the synthesis of iron oxide nanostructures by electrochemical anodization for water splitting","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2012.07.091","article-title":"A comparative study of nanosized iron oxide particles; magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (\u03b3-Fe2O3) and hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3), using ferromagnetic resonance","volume":"542","author":"Can","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1021\/cm2036794","article-title":"Multicomponent Effects on the Crystal Structures and Electrochemical Properties of Spinel-Structured M 3 O 4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co) Anodes in Lithium Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14382","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA27826D","article-title":"Fe-N-Doped carbon foam nanosheets with embedded Fe2O3 nanoparticles for highly efficient oxygen reduction in both alkaline and acidic media","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11122","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CE01467G","article-title":"Formation of hierarchical structures of Fe2O3 by the liquid-liquid interface technique","volume":"16","author":"Srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15814","DOI":"10.1021\/ja305048p","article-title":"Fe5C2 nanoparticles: A facile bromide-induced synthesis and as an active phase for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis","volume":"134","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4332(97)00167-0","article-title":"A consistent method for quantitative XPS peak analysis of thin oxide films on clean polycrystalline iron surfaces","volume":"119","author":"Lin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803330","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803330","article-title":"Fe Vacancies Induced Surface FeO6 in Nanoarchitectures of N-Doped Graphene Protected \u03b2-FeOOH: Effective Active Sites for pH-Universal Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.05.074","article-title":"FeOOH quantum dots coupled g-C3N4 for visible light driving photo- Fenton degradation of organic pollutants","volume":"237","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4332(99)00267-6","article-title":"XPS study of apatite-based coatings prepared by sol\u2013gel technique","volume":"151","author":"Mattogno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.12.008","article-title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of pyrolytically coated graphite platforms submitted to simulated electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry conditions","volume":"252","author":"Ruiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11748","DOI":"10.1021\/la901072z","article-title":"Mechanisms of Oxygen Plasma Nanotexturing of Organic Polymer Surfaces: From Stable Super Hydrophilic to Super Hydrophobic Surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Tsougeni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1050\/1\/012001","article-title":"Reference XPS spectra of amino acids","volume":"1050","author":"Artemenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1021\/cm049100k","article-title":"Visible-Light-Driven N\u2212F\u2212Codoped TiO2 Photocatalysts. 1. Synthesis by Spray Pyrolysis and Surface Characterization","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20384","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR06756B","article-title":"Morphology and electronic structure modulation induced by fluorine doping in nickel-based heterostructures for robust bifunctional electrocatalysis","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004686","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004686","article-title":"Plasmonic Oxygen-Deficient TiO2-x Nanocrystals for Dual-Band Electrochromic Smart Windows with Efficient Energy Recycling","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.229828","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior of CuF2 as reversible cathode in an organic liquid electrolyte for room-temperature fluoride-shuttle batteries","volume":"496","author":"Abe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2016-0268","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Analysis of Ti-7.5Mo Alloy After Biomimetic Surface Treatment to Use as Dental Materials","volume":"20","author":"Escada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"2686","article-title":"Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications","volume":"40","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recovery Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2013.03.019","article-title":"Comparative in vitro Study on Pure Metals (Fe, Mn, Mg, Zn and W) as Biodegradable Metals","volume":"29","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2009.06.023","article-title":"TiO2 nanotubes from stirred glycerol\/NH4F electrolyte: Roughness, wetting behavior and adhesion for implant applications","volume":"117","author":"Narayanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34575","article-title":"Cell response of anodized nanotubes on titanium and titanium alloys","volume":"101A","author":"Minagar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.05.013","article-title":"Fibroblast functionality on novel Ti 30Ta nanotube array","volume":"32","author":"Capellato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.125226","article-title":"Nanostructured titanium alloy surfaces for enhanced osteoblast response: A combination of morphology and chemistry","volume":"383","author":"Rangel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.103492","article-title":"Enhancing biointerfacial properties of porous pure iron by gold sputtering for degradable implant applications","volume":"31","author":"Rabeeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05388-x","article-title":"Contact inhibition controls cell survival and proliferation via YAP\/TAZ-autophagy axis","volume":"9","author":"Pavel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/15\/3627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:21:37Z","timestamp":1760109697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/15\/3627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17153627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17153627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]}}}