{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1767866425835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain","award":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-1-R"]}]},{"name":"Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain","award":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-2-R"]}]},{"name":"Economy and Competitiveness Ministry of Spain","award":["SNEO-20181016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNEO-20181016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"CDTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"CDTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTQ2017-85654-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001872","name":"CDTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNEO-20181016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNEO-20181016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One challenge for 3D printing is that the mortar must flow easily through the printer nozzle, and after printing, it must develop compressive strength fast and high enough to support the layers on it. This requires an exact and difficult control of the superplasticizer (SP) dosing. Nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) has gained significant interest as a rheological modifier of mortar by interacting with the various cement components. This research studied the potential of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) as a mortar aid for 3D printing and its interactions with SPs. Interactions of a CNC and SP with cement suspensions were investigated by means of monitoring the effect on cement dispersion (by monitoring the particle chord length distributions in real time) and their impact on mortar mechanical properties. Although cement dispersion was increased by both CNC and SP, only CNC prevented cement agglomeration when shearing was reduced. Furthermore, combining SP and CNC led to faster development of compressive strength and increased compressive strength up to 30% compared to mortar that had undergone a one-day curing process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T03:57:06Z","timestamp":1724817426000},"page":"4247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nanocrystalline Cellulose to Reduce Superplasticizer Demand in 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Jarabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcci\u00f3n \u201cEduardo Torrjoja\u201d (CSIC), C\/Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0042-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Garc\u00eda Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcci\u00f3n \u201cEduardo Torrjoja\u201d (CSIC), C\/Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-7614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Carballosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcci\u00f3n \u201cEduardo Torrjoja\u201d (CSIC), C\/Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Materials Department, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.105780","article-title":"Digital Concrete: A Review","volume":"123","author":"Wangler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2022.106789","article-title":"Effect of processing on the air void system of 3D printed concrete","volume":"156","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of concrete in construction: Potentials and challenges of 3D concrete printing","volume":"11","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virtual Phy. 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