{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1775909347513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIZA\/ETM\/0050\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIZA\/ETM\/0050\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fa\u00e7ades give the first impression of a structure, reflecting the overall aesthetic appeal, architectural styles, cultural influences, and technological advancements. Emphasis on sustainability is increasing, with a shift towards eco-friendly and energy-saving materials, triggered by decreasing the environmental impact of construction. Cork is a green competitive material for various engineering and design applications due to its biological formation, sustainable production and a portfolio of properties including low density, impermeability, viscoelastic behaviour and high thermal insulation that derive from its cellular and chemical features. This work presents cork materials used in building fa\u00e7ades and their properties, also giving information on cork production and processing into cork-based products as a review of the existing published research, while also identifying knowledge gaps and further research needed. Historical examples of cladding of constructions with raw cork are given, while the contemporary innovative use of cork fa\u00e7ades was triggered by some designs of well-known architects with outdoor application of expanded cork agglomerates. Examples of different historical and contemporary constructions were assembled and critically assessed by the authors. The aim is to give integrated information of cork as a natural, renewable and sustainable material to raise the interest of designers, architects and engineers to explore cork, blending aesthetics with environmental responsibility, targeting a more sustainable and resilient built environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T04:15:01Z","timestamp":1725855301000},"page":"4414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cork Fa\u00e7ades as an Innovative and Sustainable Approach in Architecture: A Review of Cork Materials, Properties and Case Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos Florestais, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Loonen, R.C.G.M., Rico-Martinez, J.M., Favoino, F., Brzezicki, M., Menezo, C., La Ferla, G., and Aelenei, L. (2015, January 3\u20134). Design for fa\u00e7ade adaptability: Towards a unified and systematic characterization. Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Advanced Building Skins, Bern, Switserland."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.086","article-title":"Shape morphing solar shadings: A review","volume":"55","author":"Fiorito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.173","article-title":"The impact of thermal insulation investments on sustainability in the construction sector","volume":"80","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300086","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202300086","article-title":"A review of sustainable bio-based insulation materials for energy-efficient buildings","volume":"308","author":"Raja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110038","article-title":"Comparative analysis of building insulation material properties and performance","volume":"131","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, H. (2007). Cork: Biology, Production and Uses, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044452967-1\/50013-3"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-016-1076-4","article-title":"Cork as a building material: A review","volume":"74","author":"Knapic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6207","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.10.3.Pereira","article-title":"The rationale behind cork properties: A review of structure and chemistry","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.116","article-title":"Uncoated medium density expanded cork boards for building fa\u00e7ades and roofs: Mechanical, hygrothermal and durability characterization","volume":"200","author":"Fino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Construct Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreca, F., Arcuri, N., Cardinali, G.D., and Di Fazio, S. (2021). A bio-based render for insulating agglomerated cork panels. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11121478"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perilli, S., Palumbo, D., Sfarra, S., and Galietti, U. (2021). Advanced insulation materials for facades: Analyzing detachments using numerical simulations and infrared thermography. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14227546"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.08.007","article-title":"Structural membranes used in modern building facades","volume":"155","author":"Paech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2004.05.006","article-title":"State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future developments","volume":"37","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfundstein, M., Gellert, R., Spitzner, M., and Rudolphi, A. (2008). Insulating Materials: Principles, Materials, Applications, Birkh\u00e4user.","DOI":"10.11129\/detail.9783034614757"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.01.020","article-title":"Influence of a period of wet weather on the heat transfer across a wall covered with uncoated medium density expanded cork","volume":"165","author":"Fino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy. Build."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargianis, J., Kim, H., and Suhr, J. (2012). Natural cork agglomerates employed as an environmentally friendly solution for quiet sandwich composites. Sci. Rep., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00403"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/ma2030776","article-title":"Cork composites: A review","volume":"2","author":"Gil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malanho, S., Veiga, R., and Farinha, C.B. (2021). Global performance of sustainable thermal insulating systems with cork for building facades. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11030083"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gil, L. (2007). Cork as a Building Material, APCOR (Portuguese Cork Association). Available online: https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/danieland1\/caderno-tecnico-f-pt."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"APCOR (2011). Cork Construction & Decoration Materials, APCOR (Portuguese Cork Association). Available online: https:\/\/www.amorim.com\/xms\/files\/v1\/Documentacao\/Manual_MCD_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evert, R.F. (2006). Esau\u2019s Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function and Development, Wiley and Sons Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470047380"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, C., and Pereira, H. (2016). Cork-Containing Barks\u2014A Review. Front. Mater., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2016.00063"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"APCOR (2022). Cork\u2014Anu\u00e1rio de Corti\u00e7a, Portuguese Cork Association. Available online: https:\/\/apcor.pt\/uploads\/Media\/anuarios\/Cork_BoletimEstat%C3%ADstico_APCOR_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1890\/100084","article-title":"Mediterranean cork oak savannas require human use to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services","volume":"9","author":"Bugalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Box, E.O., and Fujiwara, K. (2015). Character of Warm-Temperate Quercus Forests in Asia. Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests Around the Northern Hemisphere, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01261-2"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cell structure and chemical components of sclereids and lenticels from Quercus variabilis cork","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Northwestern For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.09.038","article-title":"Chemical and cellular features of virgin and reproduction cork from Quercus variabilis","volume":"94","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-90001048","article-title":"The cellular structure of cork from Quercus suber L.","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"1987","journal-title":"IAWA Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00576525","article-title":"Deformation and fracture of cork in tension","volume":"26","author":"Rosa","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-014-0651-2","article-title":"Variability of the compression properties of cork","volume":"48","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1565(200001\/02)11:1<45::AID-PCA481>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Methanolysis of bark suberins: Analysis of glycerol and acid monomers","volume":"11","author":"Pereira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gil, L. (1998). Cork: Production, Technology and Application, INETI."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1179\/174328005X41168","article-title":"Cork: Properties, capabilities, and applications","volume":"50","author":"Silva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"339","article-title":"Water absorption by cork","volume":"25","author":"Rosa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9672","DOI":"10.1021\/jf4015729","article-title":"Permeability of cork for water and ethanol","volume":"61","author":"Fonseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004749932170","article-title":"An NMR microscopy study of water absorption in cork","volume":"35","author":"Gil","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Math. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200491t","article-title":"Permeability of cork to gases","volume":"59","author":"Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204655c","article-title":"Diffusion of oxygen in cork","volume":"60","author":"Lequin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013635809035","article-title":"The viscoelastic properties of cork","volume":"37","author":"Mano","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01153983","article-title":"Rate effects on the compression and recovery of dimensions of cork","volume":"23","author":"Rosa","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.07.038","article-title":"Effect of density on the compression behaviour of cork","volume":"53","author":"Anjos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2023.112376","article-title":"Towards better understanding of the strain\u2013stress curve of cork: A structure\u2013mechanical properties approach","volume":"235","author":"Gerometta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-010-0516-9","article-title":"Characterization of radial bending properties of cork","volume":"69","author":"Anjos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-013-0599-7","article-title":"Effect of surface treatments on natural cork: Surface energy, adhesion, and acoustic insulation","volume":"48","author":"Abenojar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1099","article-title":"The surface tension of cork from contact angle measurements","volume":"156","author":"Gomes","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2014.03.007","article-title":"Thermal behaviour of cork and cork components","volume":"582","author":"Defoirdt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"22","article-title":"Characterization of flammability parameters of cork by the mass loss calorimeter technique","volume":"152","author":"Benhalima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oak For. IOBC-WPRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, I., Louren\u00e7o, A., Sim\u00f5es, R., Athayde, J., and Pereira, H. (2024). Insights into cork weathering regarding colour, chemical and cellular changes in view of outdoor applications. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301384"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01159154","article-title":"Declared value for the thermal conductivity coefficient of insulation corkboard","volume":"31","author":"Matias","year":"1997","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(89)90634-5","article-title":"The Poisson effect in cork","volume":"122","author":"Fortes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/00150190390238757","article-title":"The study of electrical conductivity of cork","volume":"294","author":"Neagu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ferrolelectrics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004315118535","article-title":"Friction properties of cork","volume":"33","author":"Vaz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-010-4356-0","article-title":"Static and dynamic characterization of composition cork for sandwich beam cores","volume":"45","author":"Moreira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2009.05.039","article-title":"Cork agglomerates as an ideal core material in lightweight structures","volume":"31","author":"Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Thermal insulation performance assessment of agglomerated cork boards","volume":"48","author":"Barreca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200161","article-title":"The thermochemical degradation of cork","volume":"26","author":"Pereira","year":"1992","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-5093(89)90215-3","article-title":"Scanning electron-microscopy observations of insulation cork agglomerates","volume":"111","author":"Pereira","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1179\/175355509X425766","article-title":"Use of cork agglomerates as acoustic absorbents","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catry, F.X., Moreira, F., Pausas, J.G., Fernandes, P.M., Rego, F., Cardillo, E., and Curt, T. (2012). Cork oak vulnerability to fire: The role of bark harvesting, tree characteristics and abiotic factors. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039810"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.07.001","article-title":"Cork extraction as a key fator determining post-fire cork oak survival in a mountain region of southern Portugal","volume":"253","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.07.041","article-title":"Quercus suber cork as a keystone trait for fire response: A flammability analysis using bench and field scales, For","volume":"429","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eco. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109739","article-title":"Multifunctional cork\u2014Alkali-activated fly ash composites: A sustainable material to enhance buildings\u2019 energy and acoustic performance","volume":"210","author":"Novais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaro, A.M., Reis, P.N.B., Ivanez, I., S\u00e1nchez-Saez, S., Garcia-Castillo, S.K., and Barbero, E. (2020). The high-velocity impact behaviour of kevlar composite laminates filled with cork powder. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10176108"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.10.072","article-title":"Toughness of a brittle epoxy resin reinforced with micro cork particles: Effect of size, amount and surface treatment","volume":"114","author":"Barbosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/10996362211035421","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the low-velocity impact response of environmentally friendly cork sandwich structures","volume":"24","author":"Sergi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sandw. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cork: An historical overview of its use in building construction","volume":"35","author":"Wilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Hist."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Fernandes, M., and Correia, M. (2005). Cork in traditional Portuguese architecture: An ignored construction material. Earth Architecture in Portugal, Argumentum."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.52842\/conf.ecaade.2022.1.029","article-title":"Building with expanded cork\u2014A novel monolithic building structure","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Pak","year":"2022","journal-title":"eCAADe 2022 Co-Creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design, Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe, Ghent, Belgium, 13\u201316 September 2022"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.03.003","article-title":"A self-built shelter in wood and agglomerated cork panels for temporary use in Mediterranean climate areas","volume":"142","author":"Barreca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2024, May 07). Available online: http:\/\/www.amorimcorkinsulation.com\/en\/projects\/."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2024, May 05). Available online: http:\/\/www.nanana.co.jp\/works\/commerce\/mg\/015."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2024, May 07). Available online: http:\/\/www.rundzwei.de\/de\/content\/042_Korkenzieher_Haus."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2024, May 05). Available online: http:\/\/www.matthewbarnetthowland.com\/cork-house."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2024, May 07). Available online: http:\/\/studiorap.nl\/The-Float."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/17\/4414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:50:12Z","timestamp":1760111412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/17\/4414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17174414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17174414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]}}}