{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:39:06Z","timestamp":1767919146492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"Green Chemistry LAQV","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"i3N","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"CeFEMA","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"PhoBioS","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"PRR InsectERA","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0008\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50006\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0037\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50025\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04540\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["CA21159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA21159"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["C644917393-00000032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644917393-00000032"]}]},{"name":"PRR BioEquip","award":["C645808870-00000067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C645808870-00000067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), a class of soft matter materials whose properties can be tuned by the wise pairing of the cation and anion, have recently emerged as promising candidates for different applications, combining the characteristics of ionic liquids and liquid crystals. Among those potential uses, this review aims to cover chromogenic ILCs. In this context, examples of photo-, electro- and thermochromism based on ILCs are provided. Furthermore, thermotropic and lyotropic ionic liquid crystals are also summarised, including the most common chemical and phase structures, as well as the advantages of confining these materials. This manuscript also comprises the following main experimental techniques used to characterise ILCs: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM) and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Chromogenic ILCs can be interesting smart materials for energy and health purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17184563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T01:16:10Z","timestamp":1726622170000},"page":"4563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ionic Liquid Crystals as Chromogenic Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia F. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L.","family":"Figueirinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeFEMA and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1487-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Dion\u00edsio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria H.","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3N\/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073001","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/7\/073001","article-title":"Renewable Smart Materials","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X9300400102","article-title":"Intelligent Material Systems\u2014The Dawn of a New Materials Age","volume":"4","author":"Rogers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/5\/3\/002","article-title":"Smart Materials and Structures: What Are They?","volume":"5","author":"Spillman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(04)00123-3","article-title":"Chromogenic Smart Materials","volume":"7","author":"Lampert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304079","article-title":"Morphing Metal\u2013Polymer Janus Particles","volume":"26","author":"Cox","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094007","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/9\/094007","article-title":"Active Origami by 4D Printing","volume":"23","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, D., Pimentel, A., Santos, L., Barquinha, P., Pereira, L., Fortunato, E., and Martins, R. (2019). Chromogenic Applications. Metal Oxide Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811512-1.00004-7"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8344","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201601928","article-title":"Multifunctional Energy Storage and Conversion Devices","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2022.108087","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Crystal Electrolytes: Fundamental, Applications and Prospects","volume":"106","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/cptc.201900028","article-title":"Photochromic Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Based on Anionic Diarylethene Derivatives","volume":"3","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemPhotoChem"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005522","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202005522","article-title":"Ionic Liquid-Based Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials","volume":"30","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.-Y., and Chu, Y.-H. (2023). Expeditious Discovery of Small-Molecule Thermoresponsive Ionic Liquid Materials: A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196817"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800246","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.201800246","article-title":"Ionic Gels and Their Applications in Stretchable Electronics","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2018.10.007","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Applications","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-25468-w","article-title":"Ionic Liquids: Environmentally Sustainable Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications","volume":"31","author":"Choudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM01287J","article-title":"Thermo-, Photo-, and Mechano-Responsive Liquid Crystal Networks Enable Tunable Photonic Crystals","volume":"13","author":"Akamatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, M., and Moaddel, T. (2016). 2\u2014Soap Structure and Phase Behavior. Soap Manufacturing Technology: Second Edition, Elsevier Ltd.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-63067-065-8.50002-5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.B.A., de Oliveira, R.P., Oliveira, C., Raposo, N.R.B., Brand\u00e3o, M.A.F., Ferreira, A.d.O., and Polonini, H. (2017). Cosmetic Potential of a Liotropic Liquid Crystal Emulsion Containing Resveratrol. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4040054"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120092","article-title":"Stabilization of Vitamin C in Emulsions of Liquid Crystalline Structures","volume":"592","author":"Buri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006361","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202006361","article-title":"3D-Printed Biomimetic Systems with Synergetic Color and Shape Responses Based on Oblate Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Droplets","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1021\/cm102117c","article-title":"Discotic Liquid Crystals for Opto-Electronic Applications","volume":"23","author":"Kaafarani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funahashi, M. (2021). Chiral Liquid Crystalline Electronic Systems. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040672"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chigrinov, V.G., Kudreyko, A.A., and Podgornov, F.V. (2021). Optically Rewritable Liquid Crystal Displays: Characteristics and Performance. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11091053"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4643","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400334b","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials","volume":"116","author":"Goossens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8205","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC04280F","article-title":"Dimension Control of Ionic Liquids","volume":"55","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100397","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.202100397","article-title":"Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"87","author":"Kapernaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109063","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109063","article-title":"Advanced Functional Liquid Crystals","volume":"34","author":"Uchida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11702","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.0c01935","article-title":"Functional Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"36","author":"Salikolimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Gennes, P.-G., and Prost, J. (1993). The Physics of Liquid Crystals. International Series of Monographs on Physics, Clarendon Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198520245.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oswald, P., and Pieranski, P. (2005). Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals: Concepts and Physical Properties Illustrated by Experiments, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203023013"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collings, P.J., and Goodby, J.W. (2019). Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics, Taylor & Francis. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315098340"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernstein, J. (2020). Polymorphism in Molecular Crystals, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199655441.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinitzer, F. (1888). Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Kenntniss Des Cholesterins. Monatshefte f\u00fcr Chemie und Verwandte Teile Anderer Wissenschaften, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01516710"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1515\/zpch-1889-0434","article-title":"\u00dcber Fliessende Krystalle","volume":"4U","author":"Lehmann","year":"1889","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Phys. Chemie"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiLisi, G.A. (2019). History. An Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Morgan & Claypool Publishers.","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-2571\/ab2a6f"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02837958","article-title":"Liquid Crystals\u2014The \u201cFourth\u201d Phase of Matter","volume":"8","author":"Mohanty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resonance"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunmur, D., and Luckhurst, G. (2007). 38. Liquid Crystals. Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-29185-7_38"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collings, P.J., and Hird, M. (1997). Introduction to Liquid Crystals: Chemistry and Physics. Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203211199"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.01.175","article-title":"Introduction to Liquid Crystals","volume":"267","author":"Andrienko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/jsid.842","article-title":"Review of Various Measurement Methodologies of Migration Ion Influence on LCD Image Quality and New Measurement Proposal beyond LCD Materials","volume":"28","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soc. Inf. Disp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20200304","article-title":"Supramolecular Association and Nanostructure Formation of Liquid Crystals and Polymers for New Functional Materials","volume":"94","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00937-y","article-title":"Liquid Crystal-Based Structural Color Actuators","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM00384F","article-title":"Cholesteric Liquid Crystals in Living Matter","volume":"13","author":"Mitov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)92215-X","article-title":"Liquid-Crystalline Structures in Polypeptide Solutions","volume":"13","author":"Robinson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(96)00016-0","article-title":"Condensed Phases of DNA: Structures and Phase Transitions","volume":"21","author":"Livolant","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6260","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202913","article-title":"Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with a Broad Light Reflection Band","volume":"24","author":"Mitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/1381051a0","article-title":"Liquid Crystalline Substances from Virus-Infected Plants","volume":"138","author":"Bawden","year":"1936","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/15421407308084657","article-title":"Filamentous Bacterial Viruses VIII. Liquid Crystals of Fd","volume":"19","author":"Lapointe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.78.2417","article-title":"Smectic Phase in a Colloidal Suspension of Semiflexible Virus Particles","volume":"78","author":"Dogic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7820","DOI":"10.1021\/la000446t","article-title":"Cholesteric Phase in Virus Suspensions","volume":"16","author":"Dogic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6995","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b01476","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Chiral to Nonchiral Ordering Transformation in the Nematic Liquid-Crystal Phase of Rodlike Viruses: Turning the Survival Strategy of a Virus into Valuable Material Properties","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2006.06.001","article-title":"Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Rinaudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703655","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201703655","article-title":"Cellulose-Based Biomimetics and Their Applications","volume":"30","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2304286","article-title":"Cellulose and Chitin Twisted Structures: From Nature to Applications","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0354.focus","article-title":"Gold Bugs and beyond: A Review of Iridescence and Structural Colour Mechanisms in Beetles (Coleoptera)","volume":"6","author":"Seago","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2014.09.021","article-title":"Natural Helicoidal Structures: Morphology, Self-Assembly and Optical Properties","volume":"1","author":"Wilts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gebeshuber, I.C., and Lee, D.W. (2015). Nanostructures for Coloration (Organisms Other Than Animals). Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6178-0_216-2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/349596a0","article-title":"Liquid Crystallinity of Natural Silk Secretions","volume":"349","author":"Kerkam","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5106","DOI":"10.1021\/ma960588n","article-title":"Evidence of a Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Phase in Natural Silk Spinning Processes","volume":"29","author":"Willcox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00134-9","article-title":"Liquid Crystalline Assemblies of Collagen in Bone and in Vitro Systems","volume":"36","author":"Besseau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2008.03.002","article-title":"Liquid Crystallinity in Collagen Systems in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132\/[654]","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2011.570154","article-title":"Films Based on New Methacrylate Monomers: Synthesis, Characterisation and Electro-Optical Properties","volume":"542","author":"Mouquinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37846","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA08806G","article-title":"Eutectic Liquid Crystal Mixture E7 in Nanoporous Alumina. Effects of Confinement on the Thermal and Concentration Fluctuations","volume":"9","author":"Selevou","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12043-021-02114-z","article-title":"Electronic and Electro-Optical Properties of 5CB and 5CT Liquid Crystal Molecules: A Comparative DFT Study","volume":"95","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pramana J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/00268948608080151","article-title":"Liquid Crystalline Behaviour of Para-Azoxyanisole\u2014A Theoretical Study of the Role of Intermolecular Interactions","volume":"140","author":"Sanyal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5060","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00045a036","article-title":"Monotropic Liquid Crystal Behavior in Two Poly(Ester Imides) with Even and Odd Flexible Spacers","volume":"25","author":"Pardey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-021-02396-y","article-title":"Liquid Crystals: Characteristics, Types of Phases and Applications in Drug Delivery","volume":"55","author":"Shete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiltrop, K. (1994). Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. Liquid Crystals, Steinkopff.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08393-2_4"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0294(98)80019-8","article-title":"Chromonic Liquid Crystal Phases","volume":"3","author":"Lydon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierking, I., and Neto, A.M.F. (2020). Novel Trends in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. Crystals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst10070604"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priestley, E.B. (1975). Liquid Crystal Mesophases. Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2175-0"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-0294(02)00083-3","article-title":"Amphotropic Liquid Crystals","volume":"7","author":"Tschierske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45752","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c04699","article-title":"Calixarene Functionalized Supramolecular Liquid Crystals and Their Diverse Applications","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14645180500274347","article-title":"Banana-Shaped and Other Bent-Core Liquid Crystals","volume":"14","author":"Hird","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst. Today"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodby, J.W. (2012). Materials and Phase Structures of Calamitic and Discotic Liquid Crystals. Handbook of Visual Display Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79567-4_81"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-1573(99)00049-6","article-title":"Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals","volume":"324","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demus, D. (1994). Phase Types, Structures and Chemistry of Liquid Crystals. Liquid Crystals, Steinkopff.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08393-2_1"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1051\/anphys\/192209180273","article-title":"Les \u00c9tats M\u00e9somorphes de La Mati\u00e8re","volume":"9","author":"Friedel","year":"1922","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S. (2002). Liquid Crystals: Fundamentals, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812778581"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierking, I., and Al-Zangana, S. (2017). Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Phases from Anisotropic Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7100305"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"405","article-title":"Ueber Die Molekulargr\u00f6sse Und Elektrische Leitf\u00e4higkeit Einiger Geschmolzenen Salze","volume":"8","author":"Walden","year":"1914","journal-title":"Bull. l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Imp\u00e9riale des Sci. St.-P\u00e9tersbg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1021\/cr980032t","article-title":"Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis","volume":"99","author":"Welton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2014.09.062","article-title":"Dynamics and Structure of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Fayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1039\/B006677J","article-title":"Applications of Ionic Liquids in the Chemical Industry","volume":"37","author":"Plechkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00246","article-title":"Introduction: Ionic Liquids","volume":"117","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamshina, J.L., Zavgorodnya, O., and Rogers, R.D. (2019). Ionic Liquids. Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409547-2.13931-9"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1039\/b706677p","article-title":"The Third Evolution of Ionic Liquids: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients","volume":"31","author":"Hough","year":"2007","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090313","article-title":"Ionic Liquids\u2014Solvents of the Future?","volume":"302","author":"Rogers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad, A., and Inamuddin, D. (2012). Green Solvents II: Properties and Applications of Ionic Liquids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2891-2"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2174\/1570193X1102140609120011","article-title":"Organocatalysis with Chiral Ionic Liquids","volume":"11","author":"Zalewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mini. Rev. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00550","article-title":"Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Extraction and Separation Processes for Bioactive Compounds: Past, Present, and Future Trends","volume":"117","author":"Ventura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112264","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Based Microemulsions: A Review","volume":"303","author":"Hejazifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1039\/C5GC02277K","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Gel Materials: Applications in Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":"18","author":"Marr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7190","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00504","article-title":"Application of Ionic Liquids to Energy Storage and Conversion Materials and Devices","volume":"117","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11569","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.inorgchem.9b01411","article-title":"Highly Luminescent Ionic Liquids Based on Complex Lanthanide Saccharinates","volume":"58","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116004","article-title":"A Review on Alternative Lubricants: Ionic Liquids as Additives and Deep Eutectic Solvents","volume":"333","author":"Donato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2021.100159","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Advanced Materials","volume":"17","author":"Pei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Nano"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedro, S.N., Freire, C.S.R., Silvestre, A.J.D., and Freire, M.G. (2020). The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Pharmaceutical Field: An Overview of Relevant Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218298"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104148","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202104148","article-title":"Antimicrobial Ionic Liquid-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications","volume":"31","author":"Nikfarjam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00960","article-title":"Ionic Liquids for Enhanced Drug Delivery: Recent Progress and Prevailing Challenges","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Frizzo, C.P., Gindri, I.M., Tier, A.Z., Buriol, L., Moreira, D.N., and Martins, M.A.P. (2013). Pharmaceutical Salts: Solids to Liquids by Using Ionic Liquid Design. Ionic Liquids\u2014New Aspects for the Future, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-060713-040024","article-title":"Ionic Liquids in Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"5","author":"Marrucho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00384","article-title":"Ionic Liquids: New Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients with Unique, Tunable Properties","volume":"123","author":"Shamshina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118556","article-title":"Diverse Applications of Ionic Liquids: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"351","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, G.A., and Shaw, B.D. (1938). Long-Chain Alkylpyridines and Their Derivatives. New Examples of Liquid Crystals. J. Chem. Soc., 682\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1039\/jr9380000682"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez Fernandez, A., and Kouwer, P.H.J. (2016). Key Developments in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050731"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/026782997208857","article-title":"Crystal and Liquid Crystal Behaviour of N-Cyanoalkyl-N-Alkyl-N,N-Dimethylammonium Bromides: Role of the Dipole Interactions of the Cyano Groups","volume":"22","author":"Arkas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1021\/jp310231f","article-title":"Effect of the Chain Length on the Structure of Ionic Liquids: From Spatial Heterogeneity to Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"117","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/1358314X.2017.1359401","article-title":"Mesomorphic Properties of Liquid Crystalline Compounds with Chalconyl Central Linkage in Two Phenyl Rings","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst. Today"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b00585","article-title":"High Performing Biobased Ionic Liquid Crystal Electrolytes for Supercapacitors","volume":"4","author":"Sasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devaki, S.J., and Sasi, R. (2017). Ionic Liquids\/Ionic Liquid Crystals for Safe and Sustainable Energy Storage Systems. Progress and Developments in Ionic Liquids, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/65888"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quevillon, M.J., and Whitmer, J.K. (2018). Charge Transport and Phase Behavior of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals from Fully Atomistic Simulations. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010064"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08433-5","article-title":"Crystal-Confined Freestanding Ionic Liquids for Reconfigurable and Repairable Electronics","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.10.079","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Crystal with Fast Ion-Conductive Tunnels for Potential Application in Solvent-Free Li-Ion Batteries","volume":"294","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1039\/b921469k","article-title":"Ionic Liquids in Surface Electrochemistry","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-014-5147-2","article-title":"A New Class of Ion-Ion Interaction: Z-Bond","volume":"58","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CC10120D","article-title":"Understanding the Hydrogen Bonds in Ionic Liquids and Their Roles in Properties and Reactions","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00538","article-title":"Insights into Ionic Liquids: From Z-Bonds to Quasi-Liquids","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201000278","article-title":"The Electrode\/Ionic Liquid Interface: Electric Double Layer and Metal Electrodeposition","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0218-9","article-title":"Electrode Material\u2013Ionic Liquid Coupling for Electrochemical Energy Storage","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122551","article-title":"Nanoconfined Water in Ionic Liquid and Lyotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals by Small- and Wide-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering: 1-Decyl-3-Methylimidazolium Nitrate","volume":"386","author":"Abe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.01.004","article-title":"Manipulation of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Behavior of Ionic Liquid-Type Imidazolium Surfactant by Amino Acids","volume":"518","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800097","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201800307","article-title":"Impact of Comonomer Chemistry on Phase Behavior of Polymerizable Lyotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals: A Pre- and Post-Polymerization Study","volume":"219","author":"Goujon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/02678290701292439","article-title":"Electrical Conductivity of Lyotropic and Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals Consisting of Metal Alkanoates","volume":"34","author":"Garbovskiy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296\/[658]","DOI":"10.1080\/15421400903065788","article-title":"Fast Nolinear Optical Mechanisms in Bi-Layered Cells Composed by Lyotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals with Dye and Viologen Films","volume":"508","author":"Bordyuh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1080\/00268976.2011.573507","article-title":"Fast Nonlinear Optical Mechanism of Photoconversion in Systems of Lyotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals-Viologen Impurities","volume":"109","author":"Bugaychuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/02678290802130249","article-title":"Synthesis, Thermal and Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Properties of Protic Ionic Salts","volume":"35","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9150","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201500306","article-title":"Nonaqueous Lyotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Extraction","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.01.083","article-title":"Ternary Phase Behavior of Phytosterol Ethoxylate, Water, and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid Systems\u2014Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Formation over a Wide Range of Compositions","volume":"472","author":"Misono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/35065704","article-title":"Supercooled Liquids and the Glass Transition","volume":"410","author":"Debenedetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremer, F., Huwe, A., Sch\u00f6nhals, A., and R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski, S.A. (2003). Molecular Dynamics in Confining Space. Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56120-7"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kremer, F. (2014). Dynamics in Geometrical Confinement, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06100-9"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b15361","article-title":"Switchable Photonic Crystals Using One-Dimensional Confined Liquid Crystals for Photonic Device Application","volume":"9","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800207","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201800207","article-title":"Hydrogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals in Confined Spaces\u2014Toward Photonic Hybrid Materials","volume":"28","author":"Spengler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Alessandro, A., and Asquini, R. (2021). Light Propagation in Confined Nematic Liquid Crystals and Device Applications. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11188713"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b12600","article-title":"Surface Confinement Induces the Formation of Solid-Like Insulating Ionic Liquid Nanostructures","volume":"122","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9208","DOI":"10.1021\/nn203448c","article-title":"Suppression of Phase Transitions in a Confined Rodlike Liquid Crystal","volume":"5","author":"Grigoriadis","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.201100379","article-title":"Surface-Functionalized Ionic Liquid Crystal\u2013Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Materials: Ionic Liquid Crystals in Mesopores","volume":"12","author":"Kohler","year":"2011","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15673","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c02473","article-title":"Confinement-Suppressed Phase Transition and Dynamic Self-Assembly of Ionic Superdiscs in Ordered Nanochannels: Implications for Nanoscale Applications","volume":"6","author":"Kolmangadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14414","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01062","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Ionic Superdiscs in Nanopores","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124830","article-title":"Impact of Nanoconfinement on the Physical State and Conductivity Mechanisms of a 2-Picolinium Ionic Liquid Crystal","volume":"403","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044902","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0185093","article-title":"Phase Transitions and Dynamics in Ionic Liquid Crystals Confined in Nanopores","volume":"160","author":"Nobori","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19712","DOI":"10.1021\/jp406010d","article-title":"Phase Transitions and Molecular Mobility of a Discotic Liquid Crystal","volume":"117","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604429","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604429","article-title":"Development of Glassy Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid Crystals for Solid Proton-Conductive Materials","volume":"29","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19086","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR07273B","article-title":"A Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Confined in Cylindrical Nanopores: Reversible Smectic Layer Buckling, Enhanced Light Rotation and Extremely Fast Electro-Optically Active Goldstone Excitations","volume":"9","author":"Busch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"167","article-title":"Differential Scanning Calorimetry Techniques: Applications in Biology and Nanoscience","volume":"21","author":"Gill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/08982100802310261","article-title":"Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): A Tool to Study the Thermal Behavior of Lipid Bilayers and Liposomal Stability","volume":"18","author":"Demetzos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s12045-009-0076-7","article-title":"Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Fundamental Overview","volume":"14","author":"Lukas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Resonance"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarge, S.M., H\u00f6hne, G.W.H., and Hemminger, W. (2014). Calorimetry: Fundamentals, Instrumentation and Applications, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527649365"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21138","article-title":"Role of Thermodynamic, Molecular, and Kinetic Factors in Crystallization from the Amorphous State","volume":"97","author":"Bhugra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2007.11.022","article-title":"A Calorimetric Investigation of the Assembly of Gold Nanorods to Form Necklaces","volume":"450","author":"Varghese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Brown, M.E. (1998). Handbook of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry: Principles and Practice, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(99)00181-9","article-title":"Differential Scanning Calorimetry: Applications in Drug Development","volume":"2","author":"Clas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-023-01859-4","article-title":"Antoni van Leeuwenhoek 1723\u20132023: A Review to Commemorate Van Leeuwenhoek\u2019s Death, 300 Years Ago","volume":"116","author":"Robertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"(2024, July 29). Olympus Basics of Polarizing Microscopy. Available online: https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/17552622\/basics-of-polarizing-microscopy-olympus."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Polarized Light Microscopy: Principles and Practice","volume":"11","author":"Oldenbourg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodby, J.W. (2016). Introduction to Defect Textures in Liquid Crystals. Handbook of Visual Display Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-14346-0_82"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierking, I. (2003). Textures of Liquid Crystals, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527602054"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406608083062","article-title":"The Polymorphism of Liquid Crystals","volume":"2","author":"Sackmann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2014.949616","article-title":"X-ray Diffraction: Instrumentation and Applications","volume":"45","author":"Bunaciu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clearfield, A. (2009). Introduction to Diffraction. Principles and Applications of Powder Diffraction, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444305487"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"428","article-title":"The Reflection of X-rays by Crystals","volume":"88","author":"Bragg","year":"1913","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"e4160","article-title":"Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seddon, J.M. (1998). Structural Studies of Liquid Crystals by X-ray Diffraction. Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Wiley-VCH Verlag.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527619276.ch8ca"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.56.978","article-title":"The Scherrer Formula for X-ray Particle Size Determination","volume":"56","author":"Patterson","year":"1939","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889878012844","article-title":"Scherrer After Sixty Years: A Survey and Some New Results in the Determination of Crystallite Size","volume":"11","author":"Langford","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9593","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b02338","article-title":"Anisotropic, Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal Mesophases from Persubstituted Imidazolium Pentacyanocyclopentadienide Salts","volume":"31","author":"Goossens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3697(61)90076-2","article-title":"Plastic Crystals: A Historical Review","volume":"18","author":"Timmermans","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-020-00228-3","article-title":"Designing Disorder into Crystalline Materials","volume":"4","author":"Simonov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1071\/CH10017","article-title":"Solidification of Ionic Liquids: Theory and Techniques","volume":"63","author":"Mudring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.8b01390","article-title":"Effects of Molecular Structure on Phase Transitions of Ionic Plastic Crystals Containing Cationic Sandwich Complexes","volume":"18","author":"Kimata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6266","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.9b00751","article-title":"Binary and Ternary Solid Solutions of Ionic Plastic Crystals, and Modulation of Plastic Phase Transitions","volume":"19","author":"Fornasari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6894","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c02433","article-title":"Heterogeneous Rotational Dynamics of Imidazolium-Based Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals","volume":"124","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtphys.2022.100603","article-title":"Factors Controlling the Physical Properties of an Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal","volume":"22","author":"Sirigiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Phys."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121456","article-title":"Study of the Mesomorphic Properties and Conductivity of N-Alkyl-2-Picolinium Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"377","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(02)00531-8","article-title":"Phase Transitions of N-Alkanes as Rotator Crystals","volume":"647","author":"Chazhengina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2019.04.001","article-title":"Rotator Phases in Alkane Systems: In Bulk, Surface Layers and Micro\/Nano-Confinements","volume":"269","author":"Cholakova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127926","article-title":"Rheological Properties of Rotator and Crystalline Phases of Alkanes","volume":"634","author":"Cholakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c02027","article-title":"Structure of the Hexadecane Rotator Phase: Combination of X-ray Spectra and Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"127","author":"Burrows","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13333","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA01341J","article-title":"Dual Stimuli-Responsive Porous Ionic Liquids with the Reversible Phase Transition Behavior Based on Ionic Liquid Crystals for CO2 and C2H4 Adsorption","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700405","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201700405","article-title":"Development of Nanostructured Water Treatment Membranes Based on Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Molecular Design of Sub-Nanoporous Materials","volume":"5","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avil\u00e9s, M.D., S\u00e1nchez, C., Pamies, R., Sanes, J., and Berm\u00fadez, M.D. (2019). Ionic Liquid Crystals in Tribology. Lubricants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants7090072"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17677","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02728","article-title":"Functionalized Ionic Liquid-Crystal Additive for Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Excellent Moisture Stability","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27750","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c03821","article-title":"Ionic Liquid Crystal\u2212Polymer Composite Electromechanical Actuators: Design of Two-Dimensional Molecular Assemblies for Efficient Ion Transport and Effect of Electrodes on Actuator Performance","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01024","article-title":"Azobenzene-Based Organic Salts with Ionic Liquid and Liquid Crystalline Properties","volume":"15","author":"Stappert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14426","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm31830j","article-title":"Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals by Molecular Assembly and Ion Pairing of 4,4\u2032-Bipyridinium Derivatives and Tris(Dodecyloxy)Benzenesulfonates in a Non-Polar Solvent","volume":"22","author":"Asaftei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18285","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NJ03303C","article-title":"Synthesis and Thermotropic Properties of New Green Electrochromic Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"43","author":"Veltri","year":"2019","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC01697J","article-title":"Mesomorphic and Electrooptical Properties of Viologens Based on Non-Symmetric Alkyl\/Polyfluoroalkyl Functionalization and on an Oxadiazolyl-Extended Bent Core","volume":"7","author":"Pibiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1021\/cm021365g","article-title":"Novel Ionic Liquid-Crystalline Compounds Bearing Oxadiazole and Pyridinium Moieties as Prospective Materials for Optoelectronic Applications","volume":"15","author":"Haristoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/02678290410001675110","article-title":"Effect of Counterions on the Thermotropic and Thermochromic Properties of Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"31","author":"Haristoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1039\/b615190f","article-title":"Study on the Thermotropic Properties of Highly Fluorinated 1,2,4-Oxadiazolylpyridinium Salts and Their Perspective Applications as Ionic Liquid Crystals","volume":"17","author":"Pibiri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13276","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC01902C","article-title":"Fluorescent Magnetic Ionic Liquids with Multiple Responses to Temperature, Humidity and Organic Vapors","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00415","article-title":"Light-Driven Liquid Crystalline Materials: From Photo-Induced Phase Transitions and Property Modulations to Applications","volume":"116","author":"Bisoyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00630F","article-title":"Photochromism into Nanosystems: Towards Lighting up the Future Nanoworld","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SM02366F","article-title":"A Luminescent Lyotropic Liquid Crystal with UV Irradiation Induced Photochromism","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201304451","article-title":"Novel Bipyridinium Ionic Liquids as Liquid Electrochromic Devices","volume":"20","author":"Cabrita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201402232","article-title":"Electrochromic Devices Based on Disubstituted Oxo-Bipyridinium Ionic Liquids","volume":"80","author":"Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27867","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA02368H","article-title":"Switchable Electrochromic Devices Based on Disubstituted Bipyridinium Derivatives","volume":"5","author":"Cruz","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201700229","article-title":"Bis(Bipyridinium) Salts as Multicolored Electrochromic Devices","volume":"82","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.04.179","article-title":"Studies of Bipyridinium Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes for Electrochromic Devices","volume":"283","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Yuan, L., Guan, F., Li, X., Wang, R., Xu, J., Qin, Y., and Chen, G. (2021). Substituent-Adjusted Electrochromic Behavior of Symmetric Viologens. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071702"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, C.-H., Eo, H., Choi, T.-H., Kim, W.-S., and Oh, S.-W. (2022). A Simulation of Diffractive Liquid Crystal Smart Window for Privacy Application. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15636-2"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-01032-y","article-title":"Advanced Liquid Crystal-Based Switchable Optical Devices for Light Protection Applications: Principles and Strategies","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirnaya, T.A., and Volkov, S.V. (2002). Ionic Liquid Crystals as Universal Matrices (Solvents). Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0127-4_25"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichikawa, T., Kuwana, M., and Suda, K. (2022). Chromonic Ionic Liquid Crystals Forming Nematic and Hexagonal Columnar Phases. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12111548"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo, M., Yanai, S., Shirata, S., Kakibe, T., Nishida, J., and Kawatsuki, N. (2023). Multichromic Behavior of Liquid Crystalline Composite Polymeric Films. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13050786"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:58:04Z","timestamp":1760111884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/17\/18\/4563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma17184563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma17184563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]]}}}