{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1775909347813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]],"date-time":"2024-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project \u201cAgenda ILLIANCE\u201d","award":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"]}]},{"name":"Project \u201cAgenda ILLIANCE\u201d","award":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia\u2014under the Next Generation EU from the European Union","award":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Plano de Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia\u2014under the Next Generation EU from the European Union","award":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"]}]},{"name":"Guilherme Sousa","award":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C644919832-00000035|Projeto n.\u00ba46"]}]},{"name":"Guilherme Sousa","award":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FCT 2023.04797.BDANA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to their extraordinary qualities, including fire resistance, excellent crashworthiness, low thermal conductivity, permeability, non-toxicity, and reduced density, cellular materials have found extensive use in various engineering applications. This study uses a finite element analysis (FEA) to model the dynamic compressive behaviour of agglomerated cork to ascertain how its material density and stress relaxation behaviour are related. Adding the Mullins effect into the constitutive modelling of impact tests, its rebound phase and subsequent second impact were further examined and simulated. Quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of three distinct agglomerated cork composite samples to feed the numerical model. According to the results, agglomerated cork has a significant capacity for elastic rebound, especially under dynamic strain rates, with minimal permanent deformation. For instance, the minimum value of its bounce-back energy is 11.8% of the initial kinetic energy, and its maximum permanent plastic deformation is less than 10%. The material\u2019s model simulation adequately depicts the agglomerated cork\u2019s response to initial and follow-up impacts by accurately reproducing the material\u2019s dynamic compressive behaviour. In terms of innovation, this work stands out since it tackles the rebounding phenomena, which was not previously investigated in this group\u2019s prior publication, either numerically or experimentally. Thus, this group has expanded the research on cork materials\u2019 attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17194772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T06:39:35Z","timestamp":1727678375000},"page":"4772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental and Numerical Insights into the Multi-Impact Response of Cork Agglomerates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme J.","family":"Antunes e Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-5181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afonso J. C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6668-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel F.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio A. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amorim Cork Composites, Rua Comendador Am\u00e9rico Ferreira Amorim, 260, 4535-186 Mozelos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Alves de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"LASI\u2014Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.07.015","article-title":"Cork composites for the absorption of impact energy","volume":"95","author":"Paulino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. 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