{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:54:49Z","timestamp":1772607289924,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP), Next Generation EU","award":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP), Next Generation EU","award":["UID\/50020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50020"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP), Next Generation EU","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Processes-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials","award":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Processes-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials","award":["UID\/50020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50020"]}]},{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Processes-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES","award":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES","award":["UID\/50020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, I.P.\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C12\u2013i01.01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["UID\/50020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/50020"]}]},{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid growth of the global population has led to significant environmental impacts, driven by the unsustainable extraction of resources and waste generation. To address these challenges, the valorisation of by-products from different industries is crucial for maximising resource efficiency, reducing waste, and promoting sustainable practices. In this study, a comprehensive characterisation of the physicochemical properties of plant-based by-products, including rice husk (RH), oregano stalks (OS), eucalyptus leaves (EL), and almond shells (AS), was conducted. The analyses of the residues showed that, despite the similarities regarding cellulose and lignin content in all materials, RH and OS present a higher cellulose content, while EL and AS contain a greater percentage of oils. Additionally, calcium and potassium were identified as the metals at higher concentrations in all residues. The EL and RH present significant hydrophobic properties compared to the other analysed residues, showcased by their lower wettability. The morphological analyses of the waste residues revealed that OS and RH particles exhibit fibrous characteristics with heterogeneous sizes, while EL is a blend of fibrous and amorphous particles, and AS is composed of smaller particles with irregular shapes. All the residues retained their antioxidant properties over a 12-month storage period, with no degradation due to grinding. The composition and physicochemical properties of these residues highlight their potential to be used in distinct industries, including construction, transport, and textiles, promoting a circular economy and supporting a more sustainable environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18092054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T06:49:02Z","timestamp":1746082142000},"page":"2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Comprehensive Study on the Physicochemical Characterisation of Plant-Based By-Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Portuguese Technological Center for the Textile and Clothing Industry, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mendanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Portuguese Technological Center for the Textile and Clothing Industry, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana M.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Portuguese Technological Center for the Textile and Clothing Industry, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juliana A. S. A.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeNTI\u2014Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3846-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cec\u00edlia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeNTI\u2014Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Francisca","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CeNTI\u2014Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R. M.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ol\u00edvia Salom\u00e9 G. P.","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5447-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Fernando R.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4036-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ARCP\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancia em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua Dr. J\u00falio de Matos 828 882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP\u2014Rede de Compet\u00eancia em Pol\u00edmeros, Rua Dr. J\u00falio de Matos 828 882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla J.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITEVE\u2014Portuguese Technological Center for the Textile and Clothing Industry, Rua Fernando Mesquita 2785, 4760-034 Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.02.018","article-title":"Principles for a Sustainable Circular Economy","volume":"27","author":"Velenturf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. 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