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Aiming to reduce metal concentrations to non-toxic levels, this study analyzed the removal of lead from water through adsorption with bio-adsorbents. The adsorbent potential of the following four lignocellulosic byproducts were tested: walnut and chestnut shells, pine wood, and burnt pine wood. Removal rates of 97\u201399% were achieved at optimized conditions, i.e., at a pH of approximately 7, adsorbent dose of 4 g L\u22121, and 12 h of reaction. The BET specific surface area was between 1.74 and 4.85 m2 g\u22121. The pore size of the wood bio-adsorbent was 26.54 nm, and those of the remaining materials were between 5.40 and 7.33 nm. With R2 = 0.998\u20131.000, the kinetics fit the pseudo-second-order model better, suggesting that chemisorption is the dominant mechanism. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models fit the data well, with R2 = 0.946\u20130.999. It can be concluded that all the bio-adsorbents tested have the potential to efficiently remove lead ions from water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18102320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T06:57:28Z","timestamp":1747378648000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lignocellulosic Byproducts as Bio-Adsorbents for Lead Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2833-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgana","family":"Macena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CEF\u2014Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5393-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEF\u2014Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Grosche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4iTec Lusit\u00e2nia S.A., Lugar do Pombal, Zona Industrial do Salgueiro, 3530-259 Mangualde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Santos-Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2014Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Cruz-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00543A","article-title":"Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Based Materials: Superior Adsorbents for the Capture of Toxic and Radioactive Metal Ions","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. 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