{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:21:46Z","timestamp":1760059306010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The work aims to determine different chemical and mechanical properties with and without BPA dental resin\u2013matrix composites under the same curing and testing conditions. (2) Methods: Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from six resin\u2013matrix composites used in dentistry, three with BPA (BE-Brilliant EverGlowTM, ED-IPS Empress Direct, FS-FiltekTM Supreme XTE) and three without (AF-Admira Fusion, BF-Enamel Plus HRi Bio Function Enamel, N\/C). Specimens were photoactivated using an LED light-curing unit. The chemical and mechanical properties were analysed. (3) Results: The FS group exhibited the most significant water sorption (31.17 \u00b5g\/mm3), while the BF showed the lowest (12.23 \u00b5g\/mm3). Regarding the diffusion coefficient, the result recorded for the group AF is faster-absorbing water, and the group NC is slower. In both test methods (biaxial flexural strength and compressive strength), the resistance to flexural loading of the AF group was significantly lower than all other resin composites evaluated. (4) Conclusions: According to all the parameters studied, we verified that the BF presents the best chemical\u2013mechanical behaviour. Resins free of BPA may not influence chemical\u2013mechanical performance. However, the inorganic matrix has more influence on mechanical properties than the organic matrix.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T06:46:01Z","timestamp":1749451561000},"page":"2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Ageing on the Mechanical Properties of Dental Resin with and Without Bisphenol A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5521-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Lopes-Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9668-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlanda","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Garcez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias Street, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Dr. Roberto Frias Street, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7721-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Dr. Roberto Frias Street, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9151-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edrginia M. F.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3320-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elizabeth","family":"Tiritan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"The Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (LQOF), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edif\u00edcio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7862-4767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Studart","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Oral Biology Department, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2227, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0012-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIPRO\u2014Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS\/UP), Porto 4050-313, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP), University of Porto, Dr. Roberto Frias Street, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.109495","article-title":"Dental resin composites: A review on materials to product realizations","volume":"230","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2010.10.020","article-title":"Resin composite\u2014State of the art","volume":"27","author":"Ferracane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO, Petersen, P.E., Baez, R., Kwan, S., and Ogawa, H. (2009). Future Use of Materials for Dental Restoration: Report of the Meeting Convened at WHO HQ, Geneva, Switzerland, 16\u201317 November 2009, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"41","article-title":"Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis and microdontia: Minimally invasive symmetric and asymmetric esthetic rehabilitation","volume":"62","author":"Rocha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Estomatol. Med. Dent. Cir. Maxilofac."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeiro, M., Souza, J.C.M., Gomes, A.T.P.C., Correia, P., and Fidalgo-Pereira, R. (2025). Toxicity of resin-matrix composites in a dental clinical setting. Odontology.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01055-y"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4605","article-title":"Impact of Bisphenol A and Analogues Eluted from Resin-based Dental Materials on Cellular and Molecular Processes: An Insight on Underlying Toxicity Mechanisms","volume":"45","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34843","article-title":"An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry","volume":"109","author":"Henriques","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Meeting to Review Toxicological and Health Aspects of Bisphenol A: Final Report, Including Report of Stakeholder Meeting on Bisphenol A, 1\u20135 November 2010, Ottawa, Canada, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.07.042","article-title":"Investigation of the chemical profile and cytotoxicity evaluation of organic components eluted from pit and fissure sealants","volume":"120","author":"Koulaouzidou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.02.020","article-title":"Changes in urinary bisphenol A concentrations associated with placement of dental composite restorations in children and adolescents","volume":"147","author":"Maserejian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13071-w","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the carcinogenic potential of bisphenol A: Clues and evidence","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601610010446","article-title":"Bisphenol A Release: Survey of the Composition of Dental Composite Resins","volume":"10","author":"Dursun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inorganic fillers for dental resin composites: Present and future. ACS Biomater","volume":"2","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.06.024","article-title":"A comparative study on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of BPA-free dental resin composites","volume":"40","author":"Meimand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05829-6","article-title":"The impact of inorganic fillers, organic content, and polymerization mode on the degree of conversion of monomers in resin-matrix cements for restorative dentistry: A scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.05.005","article-title":"Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks","volume":"22","author":"Ferracane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2011.02.015","article-title":"Physical properties of current dental nanohybrid and nanofill light-cured resin composites","volume":"27","author":"Sideridou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510363765","article-title":"Update on dental nanocomposites","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2013.01.006","article-title":"Sorption, solubility, shrinkage and mechanical properties of \u201clow-shrinkage\u201d commercial resin composites","volume":"29","author":"Boaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2024.05.006","article-title":"Level of BPA contamination in resin composites determines BPA release","volume":"40","author":"Turkalj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"149","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Amalgam vs Composite\u2014A Review","volume":"20","author":"Schmalz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2010.11.007","article-title":"Characterization of dimethacrylate polymeric networks: A study of the crosslinked structure formed by monomers used in dental composites","volume":"47","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barszczewska-Rybarek, I.M., Chr\u00f3szcz, M.W., and Chladek, G. (2020). Novel Urethane-Dimethacrylate Monomers and Compositions for Use as Matrices in Dental Restorative Materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072644"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0010821","article-title":"Determination of bisphenol A and related aromatic compounds released from bis-GMA-based composites and sealants by high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"108","author":"Pulgar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.10.009","article-title":"Network structure of Bis-GMA- and UDMA-based resin systems","volume":"22","author":"Floyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12697","article-title":"Longevity of direct diastema closure and recontouring restorations with resin composites in maxillary anterior teeth: A 4-year clinical evaluation","volume":"33","author":"Korkut","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.01.011","article-title":"Defective restoration repair or replacement: An American Dental Association Clinical Evaluators Panel survey","volume":"152","author":"Frazier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.94546","article-title":"Ormocer: An aesthetic direct restorative material; An in vitro study comparing the marginal sealing ability of organically modified ceramics and a hybrid composite using an ormocer-based bonding agent and a conventional fifth-generation bonding agent","volume":"3","author":"Kalra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-015-0212-7","article-title":"Silorane, ormocer, methacrylate and compomer long-term staining susceptibility using \u0394E and \u0394E 00 colour-difference formulas","volume":"104","author":"Gregor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferracane, J.L. (2024). A Historical Perspective on Dental Composite Restorative Materials. J. Funct. Biomater., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15070173"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"357","article-title":"Composite Cure and Shrinkage Associated With High Intensity Curing Light","volume":"28","author":"Yap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23337931.2016.1276838","article-title":"The combined effect of food-simulating solutions, brushing and staining on color stability of composite resins","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"192","article-title":"Effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin in the management of pain and delayed wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Hongsathavij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2019.04.027","article-title":"Nano-porous sol-gel derived hydrophobic glass coating for increased light transmittance through green-house","volume":"116","author":"Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018671823059","article-title":"Indentation brittleness of ceramics: A fresh approach","volume":"32","author":"Quinn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2019). 2019 Dentistry\u2014Polymer-Based Restorative Materials, 5th ed. (Standard No. ISO 4049:2009)."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2002.125179","article-title":"The effect of filler loading and morphology on the mechanical properties of contemporary composites","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(94)00230-V","article-title":"On liquid diffusion","volume":"100","author":"Fick","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.11.022","article-title":"Interphase structure-property relationships in thermoset dimethacrylate nanocomposites","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"698","article-title":"Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions","volume":"29","author":"Bouschlicher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-024-05362-2","article-title":"Effects of different LED light curing units on the degree of conversion and microhardness of different composites: FT-IR and SEM-EDX analysis","volume":"81","author":"Bilge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30333","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerization of light-curing hybrid composite resins","volume":"76","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.01.018","article-title":"Evaluation of two Bis-GMA analogues as potential monomer diluents to improve the mechanical properties of light-cured composite resins","volume":"21","author":"Pereira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.114267","article-title":"A comparison of the wear resistance and hardness of indirect composite resins","volume":"85","author":"Mandikos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"642","article-title":"Hardness and degree of conversion of posterior packable composites","volume":"29","author":"Knobloch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szalewski, L., W\u00f3jcik, D., Sowa, M., Vivcharenko, V., and Pa\u0142ka, K. (2024). Influence of Low pH on the Microhardness and Roughness Surface of Dental Composite\u2014A Preliminary Study. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17143443"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.03.012","article-title":"Preparation of low shrinkage methacrylate-based resin system without Bisphenol A structure by using a synthesized dendritic macromer (G-IEMA)","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczesio-Wlodarczyk, A., Kopacz, K., Ranoszek-Soliwoda, K., Sokolowski, J., and Bociong, K. (2025). Towards the Standardization of Artificial Aging Protocols for Dental Composites: Evaluation of Proposed Methods. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16020049"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3847-5","article-title":"Water sorption and diffusion coefficient through an experimental dental resin","volume":"21","author":"Costella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2007.08.004","article-title":"Dynamic thermomechanical properties and sorption characteristics of two commercial light cured dental resin composites","volume":"24","author":"Sideridou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(99)00028-7","article-title":"Dimethacrylate monomers with varied fluorine contents and distributions","volume":"15","author":"Stansbury","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12012","article-title":"Water sorption, solubility, and resultant change in strength among three resin-based dental composites","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(00)00097-X","article-title":"Water sorption and mechanical behaviour of cosmetic direct restorative materials in artificial saliva","volume":"17","author":"Musanje","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710010101","article-title":"Solvent degradation and reduced fracture toughness in aged composites","volume":"71","author":"Ferracane","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(05)80012-0","article-title":"Rate of elution of leachable components from composite","volume":"6","author":"Ferracane","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105263","article-title":"Preparation of Bis-GMA free dental resin composites with anti-adhesion effect against Streptococcus mutans using synthesized fluorine-containing methacrylate (DFMA)","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758736014520809","DOI":"10.1177\/1758736014520809","article-title":"Comparison of mechanical property and role between enamel and dentin in the human teeth","volume":"5","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.2341\/08-043-L","article-title":"Nanohybrid resin composites: Nanofiller loaded materials or traditional microhybrid resins?","volume":"34","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Zhu, W., Liu, F., and He, J. (2016). Preparation of a Bis-GMA-Free dental resin system with synthesized fluorinated dimethacrylate monomers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122014"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2004.01147.x","article-title":"Hardness and compressive strength of indirect composite resins: Effects of immersion in distilled water","volume":"31","author":"Vergani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.14.37","article-title":"Relationship between particle size of barium glass filler and water sorption of light-cured composite resin","volume":"14","author":"Tarumi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:48:49Z","timestamp":1760032129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1944"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}