{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:26:28Z","timestamp":1771039588914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Latvian Council of Science","award":["ESRTD\/2022\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESRTD\/2022\/8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing has been of considerable interest for the last 10 years. Cementitious composites have been developed to ensure fast and effective structure printing. To address sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of Portland cement-based composites, geopolymer composites have been developed that can be printed. This brings us to this study\u2019s aim, which is to allow the printing of recycled lightweight structures with not only the ability to act as a structural material but also insulation capabilities. This study focuses on mix design development and the mechanical strength, creep, and shrinkage properties of these composites. The results show that foamed 3D-printed fly ash-based geopolymer composites may have reduced compressive strength, but still have sufficient strength to be used as a structural material. Furthermore, their creep and shrinkage strain are lower than those of the composite without foaming agent introduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T09:51:22Z","timestamp":1750067482000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanical and Early Long-Term Property Assessment of Foamed 3D-Printable Geopolymer Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4280-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rihards","family":"Gailitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High-Performance Materials and Structures, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8469-4828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liga","family":"Radina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonids","family":"Pakrastins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andina","family":"Sprince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Civil Engineering, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119546","article-title":"Development of 3D-printable ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete for digital construction","volume":"257","author":"Arunothayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122463","article-title":"Environmental assessment of large-scale 3D printing in construction: A comparative study between cob and concrete","volume":"270","author":"Alhumayani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.108018","article-title":"Life cycle assessment and production cost of geopolymer concrete: A meta-analysis","volume":"215","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109977","article-title":"The evaluation of the life cycle and corrosion properties of recycled aggregate geopolymer concrete incorporating fly ash and GGBS","volume":"94","author":"Gopalakrishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105533","article-title":"A review of the current progress and application of 3D printed concrete","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.112808","article-title":"Anisotropic behavior in bending of 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers","volume":"254","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103571","article-title":"Interlayer bonding improvement of 3D printed concrete with polymer modified mortar: Experiments and molecular dynamics studies","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118669","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of Portland cement pastes with additions of kaolin, superplastificant and calcium carbonate","volume":"248","author":"Vergara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e04352","article-title":"The role of mixing sequence in shaping the 3D-printability of geopolymers","volume":"22","author":"Sando","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"507","article-title":"RILEM TC 107-CSP: Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Models: Principles of Their Formation Recommendation Measurement of time-dependent strains of concrete","volume":"31","author":"Acker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gailitis, R., Pudans, P., Ziemelis, K., Bumanis, G., and Sprince, A. (2023). Early-Age Creep and Shrinkage Properties of Printed and Cast Cement Composite. Mater. Proc., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/materproc2023013035"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2837\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:53Z","timestamp":1760032373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/12\/2837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18122837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18122837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]}}}