{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:15:39Z","timestamp":1775196939808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Plan During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period","award":["2022YFC3803404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3803404"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Plan During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period","award":["5160802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5160802"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFC3803404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3803404"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["5160802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5160802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current research and technical standards primarily rely on observational methods to evaluate the printability of 3D printing materials. There is a lack of quantitative assessment metrics for extrudability and supportability, and experimental data cannot be used to characterize extrudability and buildability. Further research is needed. Based on traditional workability parameters (such as flowability), this study explored the influence of printability characteristics and adopted two quantitative indicators\u2014extrusion uniformity and cumulative deformation rate\u2014to comprehensively evaluate material performance from two aspects, while observing the trend of changes in traditional workability indicators and print quality under experimental conditions. The experimental results showed that the extrusion uniformity of 3D-printed mortar initially improved and then gradually deteriorated as flowability increased, and was inversely proportional to dynamic yield stress. The cumulative deformation rate decreases with the improvement of height retention capability and the increase in static yield stress. Through parameter analysis, the optimal printing performance conditions were determined: when the extrusion uniformity is below 3.3% and the cumulative deformation rate is \u22646%, the corresponding dynamic yield stress range is 200 Pa to 800 Pa, and the static yield stress range is 1800 Pa to 3300 Pa. Under these parameters, the mortar exhibits excellent printing performance, including high-layer stacking capability (\u226530 layers) and enhanced structural stability. This experiment demonstrates that using these two quantitative indicators can simply and efficiently evaluate the performance metrics of 3D-printed materials, while also revealing the relationship between the workability and printing quality of 3D-printed recycled micro-powder geopolymer materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18173989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"3989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study of the Printing Characteristics of a 3D Printing Solution for the Purpose of Process Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3031-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China MCC22 Group Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100062, China"}]},{"given":"Huajie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China MCC22 Group Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100062, China"}]},{"given":"Lian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Innovation Center of Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.112380","article-title":"Structural behaviour of 3D printed concrete beams with various reinforcement strategies","volume":"240","author":"Gebhard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. 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