{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:51:48Z","timestamp":1769086308112,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tomsk Polytechnic University grant Priority","award":["2030-EEZC-017-198-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2030-EEZC-017-198-2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry reforming of methane (DRM) into synthesis gas (CO + H2) is one of the most important chemical reactions for industrial hydrogen production. It also enables the synthesis of hydrocarbons (liquid fuels) and other valuable products, providing an effective route for utilizing greenhouse gases. However, a major challenge limiting the implementation and scale-up of DRM is the high cost of stable and active noble metal-based catalysts, or the rapid deactivation of nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts due to coking and sintering of the active metal particles. In this context, the present work demonstrates that combining a highly active and inexpensive component (Ni) with tungsten carbide produces a composite material exhibiting high catalytic activity and resistance to oxidation and coking during DRM. Tungsten carbide was synthesized using a vacuum-free electric arc method, and nickel was subsequently deposited in varying amounts (1\u201325 wt.%) using the deposition\u2013precipitation method with NaOH (DP). The resulting catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction and Raman spectroscopy. Their performance was evaluated under DRM conditions, at atmospheric pressure and 800 \u00b0C, using different CH4:CO2 ratios. The most effective oxidation\/(re)carbonization cycle, ensuring catalyst stability during DRM by balancing the rates of carbon formation and removal from the catalyst surface, was achieved with a nickel content of 20 wt.% and a CH4 to CO2 ratio of 0.67 in the feed gas mixture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18173990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"3990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dry Reforming of Methane over Ni\/WC Catalysts: Effect of Ni Content and CH4:CO2 Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhanar","family":"Bolatova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy & Power Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vedishcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Radioecology and Marine Radiochemistry, Sevastopol State University, Universitetskaya st. 33, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-4671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Carabineiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5150-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kolobova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Pestryakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Av. 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.05.022","article-title":"Advances in CO2 Utilization Technology: A Patent Landscape Review","volume":"26","author":"Norhasyima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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