{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:45:41Z","timestamp":1771548341785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a f\u00e1brica do futuro","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a f\u00e1brica do futuro","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a f\u00e1brica do futuro","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"]}]},{"name":"DRIVOLUTION\u2014Transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a f\u00e1brica do futuro","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["UID\/00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00285"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0112\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7141-02\/C05-i01.02\/2022.PC644913740\u201300000022-23"]}]},{"name":"PRR\u2014Recovery and Resilience Plan\u2014and by the Next Generation EU European Funds","award":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/C05-i01\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a composite material known for its light weight and exceptional durability, composed of carbon fibres within a polymer matrix. Despite its high cost, CFRP is favoured for its outstanding strength-to-weight ratio and rigidity. It is widely used in the aerospace industry and ship superstructures, among others. These components often rub against different materials in various structural and mechanical assemblies. These interactions typically occur where metallic fasteners, bearings, hinges, and sliding components interface with CFRP parts causing, for example, fretting wear. The main novelty of the present study consists of a systematic comparison of titanium (Ti6Al4V) and aluminium (AA2024-T6) alloy spheres under identical test conditions, evaluating how each material interacts with different CFRP configurations. CFRP was tested against titanium and aluminium alloy spheres as counterbodies under reciprocating sliding conditions. Different contact conditions (applied loads) were used for tribotests. The wear volume and coefficient of friction were determined, as well as the wear mechanisms. Different analytical techniques were employed, such as profilometry, optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM\/EDS), to characterise the wear tracks. It was possible to determine the coefficient of friction as well as the wear rate on both CFRP specimens and their respective counterbodies. It was found that the coefficient of friction (CoF) depends on load, fibre orientation, and counterbody material, ranging from 0.14 to 0.29. The lowest wear rate coefficient was observed for CFRP sliding against titanium alloy in the layer configuration, at 1.48 \u00d7 10\u221213 mm3\/N\u00b7m. In contrast, aluminium alloy counterbodies experienced significantly higher wear, with a maximum wear rate of 6.88 \u00d7 10\u22125 mm3\/N\u00b7m. Wear volume increased with load across all conditions and was highest for the CFRP cross-section against aluminium alloy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18184296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T10:51:33Z","timestamp":1757933493000},"page":"4296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tribological Characterization of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Sliding Against Ti and Al Alloy Counterbodies for Aerospace Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Vilhena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sharjeel Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7221-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7004-2212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMMPRE\u2014Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109639","article-title":"Recent advances of interphases in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review","volume":"233","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. 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