{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T03:58:58Z","timestamp":1776830338214,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The temperature\u2013frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) -based compositions displays a diffused, frequency-independent maximum along with a frequency-dependent shoulder below this maximum. This behavior deviates from that of both classical ferroelectrics and conventional relaxor ferroelectrics, and its interpretation is further complicated by challenges in linking it to known structural phase transitions. This study proposes a new interpretation of the dielectric behavior of NBT-based materials through a comparative analysis of temperature\u2013frequency permittivity data in both unpoled and poled NBT samples and 0.95Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3\u20130.05CaTiO3 solid solution over a broad frequency range (10 Hz\u2013100 MHz). Results reveal that the steep permittivity change between the maximum and shoulder\u2014accompanied by pronounced thermal hysteresis\u2014can be attributed to a phase transition between two non-ferroelectric phases. When this contribution is excluded, the dielectric response aligns with classical relaxor ferroelectric behavior. To reconcile this with other known properties of NBT, the \u201cbreathing\u201d model is employed, offering a unified framework for understanding its relaxor-like characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18235289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1763989765000},"page":"5289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nature of the Dielectric Anomaly in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3\u2013Based Ferrolectrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Eriks","family":"Birks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Dunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}]},{"given":"\u0160ar\u016bnas","family":"Svirskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6146-6061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Algimantas","family":"Ke\u017eionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Juras","family":"Banys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio al. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3432-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Kholkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.12.013","article-title":"Transferring lead-free piezoelectric ceramics into application","volume":"35","author":"Webber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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