{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T10:16:33Z","timestamp":1765275393613,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds","award":["UID\/05183\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/05183\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for thermal energy storage; however, improving their thermal stability and minimizing supercooling effects remain important challenges. This study addresses these issues by synthesizing and characterizing new microencapsulated MCPs (microPCMs) that incorporate beeswax (BW), a sustainable biological source derived from animals, thus reducing the use of paraffins from petroleum resources, as the main material and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as the shell to improve overall performance. MicroPCMs with variable shell contents (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were prepared and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis (PES), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate their structural, morphological, and thermal properties. The results reveal that microPCMs exhibit a spherical morphology and robust core\u2013envelope integrity, with thermal energy storage capacities ranging from 121.39 to 122.22 J\/g, compared to 137.62 J\/g for pure beeswax. In addition, the composites demonstrated reduced supercooling and stable thermal performance during repeated cyclic tests. This work introduces the use of calcium carbonate shells combined with a natural beeswax core to create environmentally friendly microPCMs with enhanced thermal stability and reduced supercooling, offering a sustainable alternative for efficient thermal energy storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T09:54:55Z","timestamp":1765274095000},"page":"5521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of Beeswax\u2013Calcite Microcapsules as PCM for Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Building Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameh","family":"Attia-Essaies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials and Clay Minerals Laboratory, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole of Borj Cedria, Slimane 8027, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Houda","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials and Clay Minerals Laboratory, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole of Borj Cedria, Slimane 8027, Tunisia"}]},{"given":"Bochra","family":"Daghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials and Clay Minerals Laboratory, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole of Borj Cedria, Slimane 8027, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-5019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafika Ben","family":"Sghaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials and Clay Minerals Laboratory, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole of Borj Cedria, Slimane 8027, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6326-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salwa","family":"Bouadila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Technology Center of Energy, Hamam Lif 2050, Tunisia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3634-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Mira","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, 59 Rom\u00e3o Ramalho Street, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE\u2014Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of \u00c9vora, Mitra Campus, P.O. Box 94, 7006-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-559X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezzedine","family":"Srasra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite Materials and Clay Minerals Laboratory, National Center for Research in Materials Science, Technopole of Borj Cedria, Slimane 8027, Tunisia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115026","article-title":"Industrial Demand-Side Flexibility: A Key Element of a Just Energy Transition and Industrial Development","volume":"269","author":"Heffron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101271","article-title":"Green Growth, Sustainability, and Decoupling Carbon Emissions from Industrial Activities in Emerging Economies: A Focus on Zambia\u2019s Energy Sector","volume":"14","author":"Makondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extr. Ind. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121173","article-title":"Performance Investigation of an Innovative Solar Heating Unit for a Powered Self-Sustained Solar Dryer","volume":"233","author":"Baddadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2019.04.017","article-title":"Beneficial Use of Two Packed Beds of Latent Storage Energy for the Heating of a Hydroponic Greenhouse","volume":"162","author":"Baddadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2023.101109","article-title":"Advances in Thermal Energy Storage: Fundamentals and Applications","volume":"100","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.06.028","article-title":"Solar Energy and Urban Morphology: Scenarios for Increasing the Renewable Energy Potential of Neighbourhoods in London","volume":"73","author":"Sarralde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.113904","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of How Urban Morphological Parameters Impact the Solar Potential, Energy Consumption and Daylight Autonomy in Canyons and Buildings","volume":"305","author":"Rostami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104644","article-title":"The Impact of Urban Morphology on the Building Energy Consumption and Solar Energy Generation Potential of University Dormitory Blocks","volume":"96","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"No\u00e9, A. (2013). Jeremy Rifkin, Comment Le Pouvoir Lat\u00e9ral va Transformer l\u2019\u00e9nergie, l\u2019\u00e9conomie et Le Monde, Paris, Les Liens Qui Lib\u00e8rent, 2012, 414p. D\u00e9veloppement Durable Territ., 4.","DOI":"10.4000\/developpementdurable.9646"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Martinelli, M. (2025, December 01). Stockage d\u2019\u00c9nergie Thermique par Changement de Phase\u2014Application aux R\u00e9seaux de Chaleur, HAL. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-01412771."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1179\/1433075X13Y.0000000143","article-title":"Review of Thermal Energy Storage of Microand Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials","volume":"18","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijft.2020.100039","article-title":"Latent Thermal Energy Storage Technologies and Applications: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Jouhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermofluids"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110683","article-title":"A Reality Check on Long-Term Thermochemical Heat Storage for Household Applications","volume":"139","author":"Kuznik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.06.012","article-title":"Can the Melting Behaviors of Solid-Liquid Phase Change Be Improved by Inverting the Partially Thermal-Active Rectangular Cavity?","volume":"126","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31718-8","article-title":"Advances in Phase Change Materials and Nanomaterials for Applications in Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.12.033","article-title":"A Review of Microencapsulation Methods of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Medium","volume":"31","author":"Jamekhorshid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.05.033","article-title":"Suitability and Characteristics of Rocks for Sensible Heat Storage in CSP Plants","volume":"169","author":"Tiskatine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.01.159","article-title":"A Review on Encapsulation Techniques for Inorganic Phase Change Materials and the Influence on Their Thermophysical Properties","volume":"73","author":"Ushak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.051","article-title":"Nanofluid PCMs for Thermal Energy Storage: Latent Heat Reduction Mechanisms and a Numerical Study of Effective Thermal Storage Performance","volume":"78","author":"Zabalegui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.044","article-title":"Review of Solid-Liquid Phase Change Materials and Their Encapsulation Technologies","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2007.07.022","article-title":"Thermal and Flow Behaviors in Heat Transportation Container Using Phase Change Material","volume":"49","author":"Kaizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2007.10.025","article-title":"Numerical Simulation and Parametric Study on New Type of High Temperature Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage System","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2004.08.047","article-title":"Thermodynamic Assessment of Binary Solid-State Thermal Storage Materials","volume":"66","author":"Chandra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.106913","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Integrating Phase Change Materials in Building Bricks: Methods, Performance and Applications","volume":"62","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijft.2023.100360","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Materials Degradation Phenomena in Solid-Liquid Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"18","author":"Adesusi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermofluids"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.126","article-title":"Recent Developments in Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage Applications: A Review","volume":"129","author":"Nazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2023.114587","article-title":"A Quick Response Soft Actuator by Miniaturized Liquid-to-Gas Phase Change Mechanism with Environmental Thermal Source","volume":"361","author":"Sogabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9490873","article-title":"Review Article Phase Change Material (PCM) Microcapsules for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"2020","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Polym. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162702","article-title":"Effect of Extreme PH Conditions on Methanogenesis: Methanogen Metabolism and Community Structure","volume":"877","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2019.178477","article-title":"Critical Review on Measured Phase Transition Enthalpies of Salt Hydrates in the Context of Solid-Liquid Phase Change Materials","volume":"683","author":"Schmit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2014.03.005","article-title":"Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"65","author":"Pielichowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.12.079","article-title":"On the Importance of the Location of PCMs in Building Walls for Enhanced Thermal Performance","volume":"106","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.08.048","article-title":"Supercooling Suppression of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials by Optimizing Shell Composition and Structure","volume":"113","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.04.096","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Thermal Energy Storage Microencapsulated N-Dodecanol with Acrylic Polymer Shell","volume":"87","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.067","article-title":"Microencapsulated Capric-Stearic Acid with Silica Shell as a Novel Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"70","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.12.042","article-title":"Review of Passive PCM Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems towards Buildings\u2019 Energy Efficiency","volume":"59","author":"Soares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.09.015","article-title":"A Review on Phase Change Energy Storage: Materials and Applications","volume":"45","author":"Farid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2006.05.005","article-title":"Solar Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials","volume":"11","author":"Kenisarin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.07.054","article-title":"Synthesis and Properties of Microencapsulated Paraffin Composites with SiO2 Shell as Thermal Energy Storage Materials","volume":"163","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.11.017","article-title":"Novel Strategies and Supporting Materials Applied to Shape-Stabilize Organic Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage\u2013A Review","volume":"235","author":"Umair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.085","article-title":"Thermal Properties of Beeswax\/Graphene Phase Change Material as Energy Storage for Building Applications","volume":"112","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ramnanan-Singh, R. (2025, December 01). Formulation & Thermophysical Analysis of a Beeswax Microemulsion & The Experimental Calculation of Its Heat Transfer Coefficient. Available online: https:\/\/academicworks.cuny.edu\/cc_etds_theses\/115\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-2619(02)00146-0","article-title":"Microencapsulated PCM Thermal-Energy Storage System","volume":"74","author":"Hawlader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Soares-Latour, E.-M. (2025, December 01). Synth\u00e8se de Microcapsules Biosourc\u00e9es Pour des Applications Cosm\u00e9to-Textiles. \u00c9cole Doctorale Mat\u00e9riaux. Available online: https:\/\/theses.fr\/2012LYO10340."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Drissi, S. (2025, December 01). D\u00e9veloppement de Nouveaux B\u00e9tons \u201cAccumulateurs D\u2019\u00e9nergie\u201d: Investigations Exp\u00e9rimentale, Probabiliste et Num\u00e9rique du Comportement Thermique. Available online: https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-01271597."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.05.042","article-title":"High Thermal Conductivity Phase Change Composite with Percolating Carbon Fiber Network","volume":"154","author":"Nomura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14254","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b03084","article-title":"Microencapsulated Paraffin Phase-Change Material with Calcium Carbonate Shell for Thermal Energy Storage and Solar-Thermal Conversion","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francisco, M.J., Cabral, C.S.D., Ferreira, P., Correia, I.J., and Moreira, A.F. (2026). Beeswax-Enriched Tricalcium Phosphate\/Hydroxyapatite\/Sodium Alginate\/Thymol 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Application in Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomater. Adv., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2025.214440"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"101461","article-title":"Bio-Inspired Hydrophobicity in Cellulose Nanopaper via Thermal-Induced Phase Separation of Beeswax: A New Strategy to Develop Sustainable Food Packaging Materials and Its Service Life Prediction. Food Packag","volume":"48","author":"Mathew","year":"2025","journal-title":"Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139840","article-title":"Beeswax Multifunctional Composites with Thermal-Healing Capability and Recyclability","volume":"453","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2025.127617","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Polymer\/Bitumen Roofing Materials Formulated with Non-Encapsulated Beeswax Phase Change Material","volume":"279","author":"Cuadri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2025.138218","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Beewax\/PEG as Eutectic Organic Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"386","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.111344","article-title":"Paraffin\/Beeswax\/Plaster as Thermal Energy Storage Composite: Characterization and Application in Buildings","volume":"88","author":"Medjahed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125463","article-title":"Shape Stabilized Phase Change Materials Based on Different Support Structures for Thermal Energy Storage Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"262","author":"Chinnasamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2015). Quality Management Systems\u2014Requirements (Standard No. ISO 9001:2015)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2005). Food Safety Management Systems\u2014Requirements for Any Organization in the Food Chain (Standard No. ISO 22000:2005)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.03.029","article-title":"Synthesis and Performance Evaluation of Paraffin Microcapsules with Calcium Carbonate Shell Modulated by Different Anionic Surfactants for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"571","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.6b02758","article-title":"Self-Assembly Synthesis and Properties of Microencapsulated n-Tetradecane Phase Change Materials with a Calcium Carbonate Shell for Cold Energy Storage","volume":"5","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2015.12.022","article-title":"PCM-in-Water Emulsion for Solar Thermal Applications: The Effects of Emulsifiers and Emulsification Conditions on Thermal Performance, Stability and Rheology Characteristics","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khlissa, F., Mhadhbi, M., Aich, W., Hussein, A.K., Alhadri, M., Selimefendigil, F., \u00d6ztop, H.F., and Kolsi, L. (2023). Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulated and Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage: A Review. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11113219"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2023.101807","article-title":"Magnetized Graphene Oxide\u2014Modified Microencapsulated Phase Change Material for Enhanced Heat Transfer Performance with Reduced Leakage","volume":"41","author":"Aiswarya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.011","article-title":"Process Optimization and Modeling of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"70","author":"Jamekhorshid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.07.026","article-title":"Enhancement on Thermal Properties of Paraffin\/Calcium Carbonate Phase Change Microcapsules with Carbon Network","volume":"179","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.03.037","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Phase Change Materials with Binary Cores and Calcium Carbonate Shell for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.023","article-title":"Preparation and Characteristics of Microencapsulated Palmitic Acid with TiO2 Shell as Shape-Stabilized Thermal Energy Storage Materials","volume":"123","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.32604\/jrm.2022.022232","article-title":"Preparation and Performance of N-Dodecane Microencapsulated Phase Change Cold Storage Materials","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.10.035","article-title":"Design and Fabrication of Dual-Functional Microcapsules Containing Phase Change Material Core and Zirconium Oxide Shell with Fluorescent Characteristics","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.10.029","article-title":"Microencapsulation of N-Octadecane Phase Change Material with Calcium Carbonate Shell for Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity and Serving Durability: Synthesis, Microstructure, and Performance Evaluation","volume":"114","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/24\/5521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T10:13:45Z","timestamp":1765275225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/18\/24\/5521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ma18245521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18245521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}