{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:25:41Z","timestamp":1766726741061,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/151151\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/151151\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The re-valorisation of oyster-shell waste offers a sustainable pathway for producing eco-efficient construction materials. This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and durability performance of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars incorporating oyster shells (OSs), applied to solid bricks representative of historical masonry. Two formulations were developed: one with 24% replacement of NHL by oyster-shell powder (OSP, &lt;150 \u00b5m) and another with 30% substitution of sand by oyster-shell aggregate (OSA, 0\u20134 mm), both compared with a control mortar. Mortars were tested in standard molds and directly applied to bricks, including under accelerated aging conditions (temperature and humidity cycles). Results revealed that shell-incorporated mortars applied to bricks exhibited higher bulk density and compressive strength, and lower porosity, capillary water absorption, and water vapor permeability, compared with mold-cast samples. The performance for the shell-based mortars highlights the substrate\u2013mortar interaction, consistent with the behavior of traditional lime-based systems, and the microscope characterization (poro-Hg and X-ray tomography). Shell-incorporated mortars retained stable properties after aging, with variations below 10% compared to unaged mortars. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of oyster shells as partial replacements for lime and sand, confirming its potential as an eco-efficient strategy for sustainable mortars in conserving and rehabilitating historic masonry buildings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:35:27Z","timestamp":1766392527000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Re-Valorizing Oyster-Shell Waste in Natural Hydraulic Lime-Based Mortars for Brick Substrate Applications: Performance and Durability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Poliana","family":"Bellei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1014-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CERENA, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1014-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Manuel Francisco Costa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERENA, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1014-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Itecons, 3030-289 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8223-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve","family":"Foray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MATEIS, INSA-Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, MATEIS UMR5510, 69621 Lyon, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-6748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Flores-Colen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1014-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.25120\/etropic.21.2.2022.3901","article-title":"Some Things Are Not Held Together by Glue: Chunambo and Other \u2018Sticky Matter\u2019 in Subtropical Macao, China","volume":"21","author":"Hodges","year":"2022","journal-title":"eTropic"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pacheco, M. 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