{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:14:37Z","timestamp":1770909277339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education\u2014Scientific Research Funding Project\u2014Basic Research","award":["LJ212510154004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212510154004"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education\u2014Scientific Research Funding Project\u2014Basic Research","award":["LJ212410154040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212410154040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concrete 3D printing technology is emerging as a new way to transform the construction industry in the future. However, the existing concrete 3D printing technology still has different degrees of defects in the print molding process. The existing concrete 3D nozzles need to undergo a long motion trajectory when printing complex curved components, which leads to lower geometric accuracy of curved structures, as well as poorer overall molding quality of the printed components. The aim of this study is to design a reducer nozzle to effectively shorten the printing stroke and thus improve the printing accuracy. A reducing nozzle is proposed with multi-gear internal meshing and a rotating blade structure nozzle with an adjustable outlet caliber. The mechanical strength of the rotating blade of the nozzle and the distribution characteristics of the flow field inside the nozzle are verified through fluid\u2013solid coupling analysis. Experimental comparison shows that compared with the existing concrete 3D printing nozzle, the variable-caliber nozzle significantly improves the surface quality of the specimen, which strongly promotes the practical application and development of concrete 3D printing technology in the engineering field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19040695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:06:16Z","timestamp":1770905176000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analytical and Experimental Study on Fluid\u2013Solid Coupling of Variable-Caliber Nozzles for Concrete 3D Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lianzhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Practice Education, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Liaoning Polytechnic University, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]},{"given":"Changzai","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250316, China"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Grid Jinzhou Power Supply Company, Jinzhou 121000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2024.105417","article-title":"Towards innovative and sustainable buildings: A comprehensive review of 3D printing in construction","volume":"163","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autom. 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