{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T04:57:51Z","timestamp":1776833871710,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INOV.AM"},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Additive manufacturing of concrete offers reduced waste, faster construction, and design freedom, yet effective reinforcement integration remains a major challenge due to weak interlayer bonding and anisotropy. Most prior studies focus on vertical reinforcement, short fibers, or metallic systems, achieving modest flexural improvements (15\u201360%). This study evaluates horizontal continuous reinforcement using glass fiber mesh and two carbon fiber meshes (ARMO-mesh 200\/200 and 500\/500) integrated during 3D printing. The methods include extrusion-based printing of small (four-layer) and beam-like (eight-layer) specimens, both printed and cast, followed by three-point flexural and compression tests at 7 and 28 days under vertical and horizontal loading. The results show that ARMO-mesh 500\/500 significantly enhances flexural strength\u2014up to 100% over unreinforced controls (e.g., 24.4 kNm vs. 12.2 kNm in small specimens at 28 days) and ~60% over ARMO-mesh 200\/200, while glass mesh provides only marginal gains (~12%). Carbon meshes also improve post-cracking toughness and apparent interlayer cohesion. A pronounced size effect reduces nominal strength in larger specimens. These findings demonstrate that wide-format porous carbon meshes offer a scalable, corrosion-resistant solution for load-bearing 3D-printed concrete elements, advancing automated digital construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19081639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:15:08Z","timestamp":1776669308000},"page":"1639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Effect of Glass and Carbon Fiber Mesh on 3D-Printed Concrete Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-7764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Janghorban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arpan","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7031-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florindo Jos\u00e9 Mendes","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRSP), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Excavation on Residential Construction Sites","volume":"14","author":"Forsythe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. 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