{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:26:12Z","timestamp":1767824772950,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]],"date-time":"2011-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of dense gases in particle formation processes has attracted great attention due to documented advantages over conventional technologies. In particular, the use of dense CO2 in the process has been subject of many works and explored in a variety of different techniques. This article presents a review of the current available techniques in use in particle formation processes, focusing exclusively on those employing dense CO2 as a solute, co-solute or co-solvent during the process, such as PGSS (Particles from gas-saturated solutions\u00ae), CPF (Concentrated Powder Form\u00ae), CPCSP (Continuous Powder Coating Spraying Process), CAN-BD (Carbon dioxide Assisted Nebulization with a Bubble Dryer\u00ae), SEA (Supercritical Enhanced Atomization), SAA (Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Atomization), PGSS-Drying and DELOS (Depressurization of an Expanded Liquid Organic Solution). Special emphasis is given to modifications introduced in the different techniques, as well as the limitations that have been overcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma4112017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T03:45:49Z","timestamp":1321501549000},"page":"2017-2041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Dense CO2 as a Solute, Co-Solute or Co-Solvent in Particle Formation Processes: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Ana V. M.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Requimte\/CQFB, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Catarina M. M.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da Republica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S1461-5347(99)00209-6","article-title":"Strategies for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies","volume":"2","author":"York","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bertucco, A., and Vetter, G. (2001). 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